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Dynamic Earth

Dynamic Earth. I feel the Earth move under my feet. Inertia. Flattens out the poles Fattens the equator. http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/structure/dynamicearth/internal/moment/index.htm. Oblate. Just look at Saturn… Low density Extremely rapid rotation 1 day is 10 hours, 47 minutes

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Dynamic Earth

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  1. Dynamic Earth I feel the Earth move under my feet

  2. Inertia • Flattens out the poles • Fattens the equator http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/structure/dynamicearth/internal/moment/index.htm

  3. Oblate • Just look at Saturn… • Low density • Extremely rapid rotation • 1 day is 10 hours, 47 minutes • Flattens poles and fattens equator http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap030817.html

  4. The Earth Is Not Spherical • What about Earth • Very high density • Slow rotation • We still are an oblate sphere http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/earthshape_20030417112611.jpg

  5. BONUS!!! • 1 point for just trying! • 1 point for correct answers! (and I will be generous) • Show your work! • Be neat and organized • Line up columns and rows • Underline your answers

  6. Math Time!!! • Terms: • Diameter • Radius • Circumference • Surface area • Velocity • Volume • Mass •  = 3.141592653589793… • We will use 3.14 • circumference/diameter http://media.nasaexplores.com/lessons/02-029/images/circle1.jpg

  7. Math Time!!! • Let’s figure out the Surface Area of Earth! • HOORAY!!! • Surface Area of a Sphere: • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter of Earth = 12,756km http://www.libraryofmath.com/pages/surface-area/Images/surface-area_gr_84.gif

  8. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  9. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter = 12,756km http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  10. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter = 12,756km • ½ diameter = radius http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  11. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter = 12,756km • ½ diameter = radius • Radius = ½(12,756km) http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  12. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter = 12,756km • ½ diameter = radius • Radius = ½(12,756km) • Radius = 6,378km http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  13. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter = 12,756km • ½ diameter = radius • Radius = ½(12,756km) • Radius = 6,378km • SA = 4 x 3.14 x 6,378 2 http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  14. Earth’s Surface Area (SA) • SA = 4r 2 • Diameter = 12,756km • ½ diameter = radius • Radius = ½(12,756km) • Radius = 6,378km • SA = 4 x 3.14 x 6,378 2 • 510,926,783km 2 http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/images/Sun_and_earth_med.jpg

  15. Math Time!!! • Let’s figure out the velocity of the Earth at the equator as it rotates on its axis! • HOORAY!!! • velocity = change of distance divide by change of time • v = d/t http://research.physics.uiuc.edu/CTA/movies/r-Mode/images/scene2_7.jpg

  16. Earth’s Velocity at Equator • v = d/t • Change in Distance • Volcan Wolf on Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands, Peru is on the equator • Change in Time • How long does it take the Earth to make one complete rotation on its axis? http://syntropypress.com/south_america_september.jpg http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/GalapagosWWW/VWolf.html

  17. Earth’s Velocity at Equator • How can we figure out the distance Volcan Wolf travels in one day? • What do you need to figure this out? http://calgary.rasc.ca/images/howfast_earth_rotation.gif

  18. Earth’s Velocity at Equator • Circumference = diameter x  • (don’t use r (radius) http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/images/pi.gif

  19. Math Time!!! • Let’s figure out the volume of Earth! • HOORAY!!! • Volume = (4 divided by 3) times pi times (radius cubed) • V = 4/3r3 http://scienceblogs.com/deepseanews/240px-Sphere-wireframe.png

  20. Turn in your papers • Be sure to include your name!!!! http://yfinder.de/random/hooray.jpg

  21. Let’s Check • We said: • SA = 510,926,783km 2 • Actual Surface Area • 510,072,000 km² • 196,939,110 mile² http://oxfordinspires.org/Programmes/images/earth-planet.jpg

  22. Actual Earth Figures • Surface Area • 510,072,000 km² • Velocity • 1,673.72km/h • Volume • 1.0832073×1012 km³ • 1,083,207,300,000 km³ http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0703/bluemarble_apollo17_big.jpg

  23. Formation • During Earth’s first 100 million years, ever-larger particles in the infant Solar System collided and stuck together, generating tremendous heat. • Earth accreted, then melted completely, and layers began to form. • Dense molten iron sank and created the core. • Lighter silicate liquid rose and cooled, forming the mantle. http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/107/Solar/FG02_29b.JPG

  24. The inner Earth is layered • Beneath its familiar surface and thin crust lie a rocky mantle and iron core. http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_4_0.html

  25. Proportional Layers • Inner core – solid, hot, heavy, dense iron • Outer core – liquid, hot, heavy, dense iron • Mantle – primary component of Earth • Crust – very thin http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/threedearth/threedearth_files/image017.jpg

  26. Inner Core • The inner Earth is hot. • Its core is hotter than the surface of the Sun. Tectonic plates move because the internal heat escapes into cold outer space. • The inner core is hot and solid. http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap07/FG07_23-05.jpg

  27. Outer Core • The outer core is liquid iron and flows • In the outer core, a churning dynamo of liquid iron generates Earth's magnetic field. http://lpmpjogja.diknas.go.id/kc/e/earth_files/earth-15.jpg

  28. Mantle Primarily Rock • The uppermost 100km of the mantle is rigid. Along with the crust, it makes up the lithosphere (the plates). • The next layer, the asthenosphere, is solid, hot, and soft. It flows much like a glacier does. • The lower mantle is extremely dense, but still flows. http://lpmpjogja.diknas.go.id/kc/e/earth_files/earth-15.jpg

  29. Crust • Later, partial melting of the mantle produced the crust, a process that continues today. http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_4_0.html

  30. The Crust – Earth’s Thin Skin • Relative to its size, Earth's crust is about as thin as an apple's skin. This outermost layer is composed primarily of two types of rock. • GraniteThe continental crust is mostly granite. • BasaltThe oceanic crust is mostly basalt. http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_4_0.html

  31. Extraterrestrial • Some components of Earth are extraterrestrial • Iridium – common in meteorites, rare on Earth http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/mystery/images/fg_ktRock.jpg http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/4_1_4_0.html

  32. Extraterrestrial • Formation of the Moon – composition is similar to Earth’s crust and mantle, not the core • Meteors more similar to core • Iron, silicated iron, stony iron, or stone, http://a52.g.akamaitech.net/f/52/827/1d/www.space.com/images/ig162_01.jpg

  33. Plate Tectonics • Large scale motions of the Earth's lithosphere • Lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates • Asthenosphere has low viscosity and shear strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales http://www.huttoncommentaries.com/subs/PSResearch/Strain/Fig8.gif

  34. Plate Tectonics • Convergent Boundaries • two plates slide towards each other forming either • a subduction zone (if one plate moves underneath the other) • a continental collision (if the two plates contain continental crust). • Deep marine trenches are typically associated with subduction zones. http://www.alancolville.com/plates/cascades.jpg

  35. Plate Tectonics • Divergent Boundaries • two plates slide apart from each other. • Mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and active zones of rifting (such as Africa's Great Rift Valley) are both examples of divergent boundaries http://www.alancolville.com/plates/cascades.jpg

  36. Plate Tectonics • Transform boundaries • plates grind past each other along transform faults. • Relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral (left side toward the observer) or dextral (right side toward the observer). • The San Andreas Fault in California is one example. http://www.alancolville.com/plates/cascades.jpg

  37. Land Through Time • Next 20 slides are maps from Dr. Scotese’s website. • Scotese, C.R., 2002, http://www.scotese.com, (PALEOMAP website).

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