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The Dynamic Earth

The Dynamic Earth. Section 3: The Hydrosphere & Biosphere Standards: SEV1d, SEV2b. What is the hydrosphere?. All the water on or near the Earth’s surface. Includes Oceans Lakes Rivers Wetlands Icecaps Clouds Soil Rock layers beneath surface.

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The Dynamic Earth

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  1. The Dynamic Earth Section 3: The Hydrosphere & Biosphere Standards: SEV1d, SEV2b

  2. What is the hydrosphere? • All the water on or near the Earth’s surface. • Includes • Oceans • Lakes • Rivers • Wetlands • Icecaps • Clouds • Soil • Rock layers beneath surface

  3. What are the parts of the hydrologic (water) cycle? • Evaporation • Heated by sun & turns into water vapor • Comes from bodies of water, plants (transpiration), and animals • Condensation • Water vapor forms droplets on dust particles, form clouds when they collide & stick • Precipitation • Large droplets fall from clouds • Can be rain, snow, sleet, hail • Runoff/Percolation • Water can run off land into nearest body of water • Water can percolate through layers of soil and get stored underground in aquifers.

  4. How is water distributed on Earth? • 97% salty ocean water • 3% freshwater • Of the 3%... • 2% is unusable icecaps & glaciers • 1% is usable surface or groundwater.

  5. What is the difference between ocean water & freshwater? • Ocean water is 3.5% salt. • Salt comes from erosion from rocks on land over millions of years and underwater volcanic eruptions. • Salinity can vary depending on depth of ocean & areas of evaporation • EX: estuary- where freshwater river meets ocean.

  6. What are the major oceans of the world? • Pacific • Largest ocean • 165,640,000 km2 & avg. depth is 4,280 meters • Deepest point (11,033 m) is Challenger Deep near Philippines. • Divided into • North Pacific- above equator and flows clockwise • South Pacific- below equator and flows counterclockwise

  7. What are the major oceans of the world? • Atlantic • Second largest ocean • 81,630,000 km2 • Like Pacific, divided into north & south with clockwise & counterclockwise movement.

  8. What are the major oceans of the world? • Indian • Third largest ocean • 73,420,000 km2 • Average depth is 3,890 meters

  9. What are the major oceans of the world? • Arctic • Smallest ocean • 14,350,000 km2 • Covered by floating ice called pack ice

  10. What are the temperature zones of the ocean? • Surface zone • Warmed by sun • Can be mixed with cooler layers below • Thermocline • Middle layer where temperatures drop fast with increased depth • Deep zone • Coldest layer b/c sun does not reach

  11. What is the relationship between the ocean and atmosphere? • Ocean has the ability to store and radiate heat to help control Earth’s temperature. • Absorbs over half the solar radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface • Direction of ocean current creates climates in inland areas. • EX: warm Gulf currents bring warm moist air over north to British Isles

  12. Where is usable freshwater found? • Surface water • Moving water • Fast, cold, more oxygen • Rivers, streams • Watershed- area of land that dumps into a tributary. • Tributaries- small streams that empty into larger river systems. • EX: MHS campus is watershed for Noses creek which is a tributary to the Chattahoochee River • Standing water • Slow, warm, less oxygen • Lakes, ponds, reservoirs McEachern High School

  13. Where is usable freshwater found? • Groundwater • Water the seeps through soil and gets stored in underground rock formations called aquifers • Surface of land where water seeps is called recharge zone.

  14. MAJOR AQUIFERS OF THE UNITED STATES

  15. What is the biosphere? • Narrow layer around Earth’s surface in which life can exist. • Layer that gets sunlight for plants, which provide for animals • Also layer that has water, energy and moderate temperatures • Consists of • Uppermost part of geosphere • Most of the hydrosphere • Lower part of the atmosphere.

  16. What is the difference between an open & closed system? • Closed system- energy enters and leaves but matter does not. • EX: Earth- energy from sun enters & reradiates but energy trapped by plants (and eventually animals) does not leave Earth. • Open system- both matter & energy are exchanged by a system. • EX: When Earth was first forming it was open because constantly hit by comets & meteors

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