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The Dynamic Earth

The Dynamic Earth. Unit 3. 3-1 The Earth as a System. The Earth is an integrated system that consists of rock, air, water, and living things that all interact with each other. Scientists divided this system into four parts: -The Geosphere (rock) -The Atmosphere (air)

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The Dynamic Earth

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  1. The Dynamic Earth Unit 3

  2. 3-1 The Earth as a System • The Earth is an integrated system that consists of rock, air, water, and living thingsthat all interact with each other. • Scientists divided this system into four parts: • -The Geosphere (rock) • -The Atmosphere (air) -The Hydrosphere (water) • -The Biosphere (living things)

  3. The Earth as a System

  4. The Geosphere • -Mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth. • -Extends from the core to the crust. • -The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that makes up the air • we breathe. • -Gases are found in the first 30 km above the Earth’s surface.

  5. The Hydrosphere • -Made up of all the water on or near the Earth’s surface. • -Oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the globe. • -Water is also found in the atmosphere, on land, and in the soil.

  6. The Biosphere • -Part of the Earth where life exists. • -Thin layer that extends from about 9 kmabove the Earth’s surface down to the bottom of the ocean. -Made up of parts of the geosphere,the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere

  7. Discovering Earth’s Interior • -Seismic wavesare used to learn about Earth’s interior. • -Seismic waves travel through Earth’s interior during an earthquake. • -The speed and directionof seismic waves reveal the different layers of the Earth.

  8. The Composition of the Earth • -The Earth is divided into three layers: • The crust • The mantle • The core • -These layers are made up of • progressively denser material • toward the center of the Earth.

  9. The Crust • -Thin, solid outermost layer of the Earth. • -Makes up less than 1 percent of the planet’s mass. • -Is 5 km to 8 km thick beneath the oceans and 20-70 km thick beneath the continents.

  10. The Mantle • Layer of molten rock between the Earth’s crust and core. • -Makes up 64 percent of the mass of the Earth.

  11. The Core -Central part of the Earth below the mantle, -Composed of dense elements- nickel and iron. -Estimated temperature: btw 4,000°C to 5,000°C- it is solid because it is under enormous pressure

  12. Earth’s Structure Earth can be divided into five layers based on physical properties: -Lithosphere: solid, outer layer of the crust and rigid upper part of the mantle. -Is divided into huge pieces called tectonic plates.

  13. Earth’s Structure (cont’d) -Asthenosphere: solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere. -Is made of slowly flowing mantle rock, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it. -Mesosphere: lower part of the mantle

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