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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology From Genes to Protein. One gene – one polypeptide hypothesis. One gene dictates the production of a single polypeptide. Prokaryotic Cell. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. transcription. mRNA.

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology From Genes to Protein One gene – one polypeptide hypothesis One gene dictates the production of a single polypeptide

  2. Prokaryotic Cell Central Dogma of Molecular Biology transcription mRNA Transcription: synthesis of mRNA under the direction of DNA - one step in prokaryotic cells - Two steps in eukaryotic cells 1. creating a 1o transcript 2. RNA processing (editing) to create 2o transcript Translation: synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA ribosome translation polypeptide Eukaryotic Cell transcription mRNA 1o transcript RNA Processing mRNA 2o transcript translation ribosome polypeptide

  3. Directional Triplet-code Instructions for a polypeptide 3’ 5’ DNA A C C A A A C C G A G T Transcription 3’ to 5’ direction on DNA U G G U U U G G C U C A mRNA 5’ 3’ Translation 5’ to 3’ direction on RNA polypeptide trp phe gly ser

  4. 3 RNA Players Involved Central Dogma tRNA = type of RNA that carries the amino acids to the ribosome rRNA = RNA that, combined with protein, makes up the structural component of a ribosome mRNA = DNA transcript

  5. Transcription3 steps Initiation • Initiation • Elongation • Termination Transcription begins at a “Promotor” region of DNA, recognized by a TATA box sequence A transcription factor binds to help RNA polymerase (RNA pol.) to bind to the DNA RNA pol. binds and begins to unwind DNA

  6. Elongation RNA pol unzips 10-20 DNA bases at a time in a 3’  5’ direction and base pairs with the DNA using RNA nucleotides Base-pair occurs at a rate of 60 nucleotides/second A-U; G-C base-pair rules New 1o transcript (initial copy) of mRNA peels away from DNA template

  7. Termination 1) RNA sequence, not DNA sequence, is used to end transcription. Once RNA pol. creates the AAUAAA termination sequence, the primary mRNA transcript peels away from the DNA template. Transcription video mRNA 2) RNA processing occurs: (creating of 2o transcript) - 5’ cap of guanine nucleotides are added to protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes and to provide a starting site for ribosomes in translation - 3’ poly A tail is added to protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes and to help with mRNA export from the nucleus

  8. TerminationRNA Processing Continues Primary transcript of mRNA is long and includes introns (non-coding regions) and exons (coding regions) Evolutionary Significance? Non-coding RNA regions were the result of non-coding DNA regions. Longer DNA increased chances of X-over during meiosis. During RNA processing, introns must be cut out (spliced) before a functional polypeptide can be made mRNA

  9. TerminationRNA Processing Continues 3) RNA splicing A “spliceosome” complex recognizes intron sequences and deletes them Spliceosomes are made up of special RNA called snRNA + various proteins 2o mRNA transcript is now ready

  10. t-RNA Activation for Translation tRNA = brings in the corresponding AA coded by the mRNA to the ribosome for polypeptide (protein) synthesis Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase (enzyme) catalyzes the binding of a specific amino acid to a free tRNA. Activated t-RNA is now ready for translation.

  11. Structure of a Ribosome P= Creates peptide bonds between AA and holds the growing polypeptide chain P = Peptidyl-tRNA binding site A = Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site A = tRNA brings in new AA E= Free t-RNA detaches from ribosome E = Exit Site tRNA Anticodon Large subunit Small subunit E P A mRNA codon Ribosome= rRNA + protein

  12. Translation Initiation • Initiation • Elongation • Termination - Small ribosomal subunit attaches near the 5” end of mRNA at AUG start codon - tRNA carrying AA Methionine attaches to AUG start codon - Large ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA w/ tRNA occupying the “P” site.

  13. Elongation New tRNA brings in another amino acid, based on the codon on the mRNA. Base-pairing occurs. Free tRNA exits and can return to bind with other AA for repeat deliveries A peptide bond forms between the two adjacent AA Ribosome slides down the 3’ end of the mRNA

  14. Termination Ribosome encounters a “stop” codon: UAA, UAG, or UGA Release factor facilitates the release of both ribosomal subunits Translation Video

  15. Watch these real-time videos on DNA transcription and translation…Totally Cool Dude! http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

  16. Redundancy in AA • Notice…several codons code for the same AA  Evolutionary advantage? Redundancy helps to minimize errors in protein synthesis due to mutations Other ways of increasing redundancy: Although A pairs with U and G pairs with C, U can sometimes pair with G  wobble effect

  17. Endo-membrane System Recall that glyco-proteins (made by attached ribosomes) are processed by the ER and golgi before being incorporated within vesicles (ie. lysosomes) , exported from the cell, or incorportated into the plasma membrane.

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