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Labeling Theory

Labeling Theory. Review of “Classic” Labeling Reflected Appraisals Reintegrative Shaming . The Classic Labeling Process. Formal Sanctions Degradation ceremony Stigmatizing. Change in Self-Concept looking glass self hard to resist formal label. Primary Deviance Most engage in this

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Labeling Theory

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  1. Labeling Theory Review of “Classic” Labeling Reflected Appraisals Reintegrative Shaming

  2. The Classic Labeling Process • Formal Sanctions • Degradation ceremony • Stigmatizing • Change in Self-Concept • looking glass self • hard to resist formal label • Primary Deviance • Most engage in this • Typically sporadic, not serious • Secondary Deviance • Caused by new self-image as criminal or deviant

  3. Criticisms of Labeling 1. Typically history of antisocial behavior prior to formal labeling • Society doesn’t “identify, tag, and sanction individuals as deviant in a vacuum.” 2. Controlling initial levels of deviance, formal sanctions have little (no?) effect. 3. No “negotiation,” obsession with “formal” sanctions...

  4. Matsueda (1992) • Reflected Appraisals, Parental Labeling, and Delinquency • Move from formal to informal labels (appraisals) • Back to “symbolic interactionism” roots • Much more complex, rich • Allows early deviance to play a role • Difference between actual appraisals, reflected appraisals, and self-appraisals

  5. Formation of the “self” • Transactions • Interactions between 2 or more individuals • “Role-taking” appraising from others’ shoes: • The situation • Oneself in the situation • Possible lines of action

  6. Role-taking as socialization • Early socialization • Take the role of significant others who are present in situations • Later socialization • Take the role of “generalized other,” or the whole social group

  7. Elements of the “self” • How others actually see you • Actual Appraisals • How you perceive the way others see you • Reflected Appraisals • How you see yourself • Self-Appraisals

  8. Matsueda’s Model Initial Behaviors Reflected Appraisals of Others Behavior Actual Appraisal by Others

  9. John Braithwaite • Austrailian Criminologist • Crime, Shame, and Reintegration • Pretty complex theory (Not parsimonious) • BUT, Central concepts are not that complex • Reintegrative Shaming vs. Stigmatization • Interdependency • Communitarianism

  10. What is “shaming?” • Behaviors (from others) that induce guilt, shame • snide comment, verbal confrontations • stocks/pillory, the “scarlet letter” • Naval tradition of “captains mask” • In Western society, shaming has become uncoupled from formal punishment • Offenders privately sent away to warehouses by corrections or court “officials”

  11. Braithwaite II • Interdependency • “attachment” with social others (indirect control at micro level) • Communitarianism • similar to “collective efficacy” (control at macro) • In communities that lack collective efficacy, and among people who are less bonded, stigmatizing punishment is likely.

  12. Types of “Shaming” • Reintegrative • Love the sinner, hate the sin • Spank the child, but tell them that you still love them • Stigmatizing • no effort made to reconcile the offender with the community • offender as outcast, “criminal” as master status • degradation ceremonies not followed by ceremonies to “decertify” deviance

  13. Examples of Shaming • Stigmatizing • United States • Court, prison, etc. (remove and shun from community) • Reintegrative • Japan • Ceremonies to shame and welcome back

  14. The Model Interdependency (MICRO) Communitarianism (MACRO) • Type of Punishment • Reintegrative Shaming • Stigmatizing Legitimate Opportunities Criminal Subculture High Crime

  15. Evidence for Reintegrative Shameing? • Japan vs. U.S. crime rates • Since WWII, Japan U.S.(others) • Why? • High Interdependency and Communitarianism • Reintegrative Shaming emphasized • Community has duty to shame and welcome back transgressors

  16. Implications of Braithwaite? • Restorative Justice • Emphasis on “repairing harm” • Punishment alone is not effective in changing behavior and is disruptive to community harmony and good relationships • Restitution as a means of restoring both parties; goal of reconciliation and restoration • Community involvement • Crime control the domain of the community • Community as facilitator in restorative process • Crime has social dimensions of responsibility • Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime

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