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The War Begins

The War Begins. Chapter 15: Section 2 Digital Video Clips: Archives of War (45 segments – go to unitedstreaming.com Ms. Garratt. Hitler Conquers Europe. Within a year Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France.

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The War Begins

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  1. The War Begins Chapter 15: Section 2 Digital Video Clips: Archives of War (45 segments – go to unitedstreaming.com Ms. Garratt

  2. Hitler Conquers Europe • Within a year Hitler conquered Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. • France relied on the Maginot Line (a system of heavily armed steel and concrete bunkers built after WWI) which stretched from Belgium to Switzerland. • The Germans bypassed the Maginot Line rendering its heavy artillery useless • The failure of the Maginot Line demoralized the French

  3. British Assistance & Dunkirk • Britain provided military assistance. • Germans pushed the British back to Dunkirk on the English Channel. • A fleet of military and private vessels saved the Brit army by evacuating 338,000 troops between May 28-June 4, 1940. • The French held out for a few weeks more • Then Mussolini attacked from the South. • France surrendered in June

  4. Battle of Britain • Hitler tried to force Britain into submission thru blitzkrieg tactics (constant bombardment) from the summer of 1940 to May 1941. • Tons of bombs were dropped on London almost every night • Children were evacuated from London. • People slept in subway shelters • Churchill pleaded for US aid.

  5. Americans Divided • Interventionists • Favored giving all possible support to Britain short of declaring war • Committee to Defend American By Aiding the Allies was formed by Wm. Allen White. • Isolationists • Formed Committee to Defend America First • Drew support from pacifists, socialists, both political parties & Charles Lindbergh

  6. Selective Service • FDR pursued cautious course given the division of public opinion. • However, he arranged the transfer of 50 destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to establish air & naval bases on Brit territory. • FDR signs the Selective Service & Training Act which was 1st peacetime draft • Applied to all men between 21-35 • FDR justified it as keeping US strong but in 1940 campaign he promised the country was not going to war

  7. Lend-Lease 1941 • Bill which gave the US the right to sell, lend or lease military supplies to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the US”. • 80% of Americans agreed to help Brits • More than $50 billion will go to Allies • Will be given to USSR also when Hitler attacks them – will generate opposition • Germany began sinking ships so FDR ordered US navy to help British track the U-boats. • US navy began guarding and defending British ships

  8. Lend Lease – Aid to Allies

  9. Undeclared US-German War • German U-boats sunk 3 US destroyers. • Congress revised the Neutrality Acts to allow merchant ships to arm themselves. • US provided lend-lease to Soviets when Nazis attacked. • This generated lots of opposition, however, Churchill was grateful that it took pressure off the Brits

  10. The Atlantic Charter • Common principles agreed upon by Churchill & FDR for postwar world while meeting off the coast of Newfoundland. • All signatories to the charter agreed to create an international organization (UN) to protect the security of all countries. • The charter reaffirmed many of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

  11. The Japanese Threat • Japanese aggression continued in China, Korea. • Japan announced its intension to create the Greater East Asia Co-ProsperitySphere which would be a Japanese empire. • Japan joins an alliance with Germ & Italy known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

  12. Japan 1942

  13. US Response to Japan • US applied economic pressure by cutting off supplies of metals, oil, chemicals, machine parts & other products w/any kind of military use. • When Japan seized the rest of Indochina FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US & halted all trade. • US continued to negotiate with Japan in order to buy time to develop its “two-ocean navy”

  14. Yamamoto Plan • Both US & Japan knew war would come and negotiations were deadlocked. • Since Japan was running out of oil they decided to act • Admiral Yamamoto advised striking the US at Pearl Harbor to deliver knockout blow. • Was not optimistic about final outcome of war if it continued more than 2-3 years.

  15. The End

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