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Absolutism in Central & Eastern Europe

Absolutism in Central & Eastern Europe. 1555: Peace of Augsburg (Germany) Lutheran or Catholic (tension). I. The Thirty Years’ War. 1608: Protestant Union (Lutherans) 1609: Catholic League (Catholics). A. The War Begins. 1618: Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor & head of Hapsburgs

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Absolutism in Central & Eastern Europe

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  1. Absolutism in Central & Eastern Europe

  2. 1555: Peace of Augsburg (Germany) • Lutheran or Catholic (tension)

  3. I. The Thirty Years’ War • 1608: Protestant Union (Lutherans) • 1609: Catholic League (Catholics)

  4. A. The War Begins • 1618: Ferdinand II • Holy Roman Emperor & head of Hapsburgs • Czech kingdom of Bohemia (Ferd. closed Prot. churches) • REVOLT!! • German Prots. & Prot. Danes = war on Ferd. • Sweden later joined against Ferd. • Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) began • Cause—religious conflict betw. Catholics & Prots. • 1. rivalry betw. German princes, independence from Holy Roman Emperor • 2. Fr, Denmark, & Sweden looked for opps. to lessen power of Holy Roman Emperor

  5. 2 Main Phases: • 1. Hapsburg victories • 2. Hapsburg losses

  6. B. Hapsburg Victories • Austrian & Spanish Haps. defeated Prot. Princes • Ferd’s. army (125,000) = paid w/plunder

  7. C. Hapsburg Losses • 1630: Gustavus Adolphus (Swedish Prot.) • Shifted tide of war • Drove Haps. armies out of N. Germany • Cardinals Richelieu & Mazarin • Favored Swedes over Catholic Haps. • Make Fr. the strongest in Euro!! Must defeat Haps. • Did not want other Euros. to have more power than Fr. king • 1635: Rich. sent troops to join Germans & Swedes

  8. Most battles took place in Germany (wasteland) • Pop. declined from 20 mill. to 16 mill. • Trade & ag. disrupted (economy ruined) • Long lasting effects!!!

  9. D. The Peace of Westphalia • 1648: treaty ended war • Weakened Haps. of Spain & Austria • Awarded Fr. w/Alsace (German territory) • German princes = independent of H.R. Empire • H.R. Emp. focussed on own possessions • Ended religious wars in Euro. • Fr. emerged more powerful!!! • Most important: marked beginning of the modern-state system

  10. II. Formation of Central Euro. States • Strong states formed slower in Central Euro. than in Western Euro. • Poland, H.R. Emp., & Ottoman Emp. • Reasons: • 1. aristocracy denied freedom of serfs • 2. nobles blocked development of strong kings • Power vacuum: • Hapsburgs & Hohenzollerns

  11. A. Austria Grows • Aust. Haps. took steps to become absolute monarchs • 1. wiped out Prot. in Bohemia • 2. centralized govt. & created army • 3. retook Hungary from Ottomans • 1711: Charles VI = Haps. ruler • Spent reign trying to control patchwork of territories • 1740: Charles VI died (Maria Theresa inherited Austria & Haps. land?) (Pragmatic Sanction)

  12. 1745: Maria Theresa became empress of H.R. Emp. • German states envied Haps’ power • Austria’s chief rival = Prussia

  13. B. The Rise of the Hohenzollerns • Ruled a small territory in southern Germany (Middle Ages) --settled in Prussia --1640: Frederick William (the Great Elector) • 1648: ruled several territories in Germany • Moved toward absolute monarchy • Hohenzollern possessions in N. Germany = Prussia (Frederick I)

  14. 1640-1688: Frederick William (the Great Elector) • 1688-1713: Frederick I • 1713-1740: Frederick William I • 1740-1786: Frederick II (the Great)

  15. 1. Frederick William I • 1713: succeeded his father, Fred. I • Strengthened Prussia • Doubled size of army (80,000) • Created bureaucracy • Encouraged trade & industry • Promoted education

  16. 2. Frederick the Great • Frederick II = not strong enough to rule? • 1740: became king of Prussia

  17. III. Conflict Betw. Prussia & Austria • Frederick II seized Silesia (Austrian land) • Belonged to Maria Theresa (valuable) • Began War of Austrian Succession • Theresa allied w/Hungary & G.B. joined Aust. • Prussia allied w/Fr. • 1748: Austria & allies lost (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle) • Silesia ceded to Prussia

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