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Advancing Sustainable Sanitation: Urine Treatment Research

Join us to revolutionize sanitation through innovative urine treatment methods and reduce child mortality rates linked to poor sanitation. Explore the science behind urine composition, disinfection experiments, and regrowth assessments. Let's reinvent the toilet for a healthier future!

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Advancing Sustainable Sanitation: Urine Treatment Research

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  1. reinvent the toilet challenge: urine treatmentenvironmental sustainability REU 2013 By: Alyssa Ruiz Mentor: Dr. TesfaYacob PI: Dr. Karl Linden

  2. About the challenge • 2.5 billion people practice open defecation or lack adequate sanitation facilities • Poor sanitation contributes to 1.5 million child deaths from diarrhea each year • Main Objectives • radically change our world’s current sanitation state through innovative discoveries that convert our waste into viable resources • decrease the statistic of child mortality that societies around the globe are facing and to improve the quality of life in these communities

  3. Background: urine • Contains the majority of the nutrients (N & P) excreted from our system • Approximately 158 different chemical components, including electrolytes, nitrogenous compounds, vitamins, hormones, organic acids, and other various compounds • Focus on Ammonia • present after microbial urea hydrolysis • Urea() Total Ammonia • majority of total N compounds • causes pH increase • more = higher inactivation hydrolysis

  4. About the system • Source separated toilet • utilize the properties found in urine • create biochar • energy efficient • Main source of pathogens in source separated urine comes from misplaced feces • Source separated urine high potential for regrowth • Less water compared to latrines • Daily sanitation • End Product = Fertilizer

  5. 0bjectives • Experiments have shown disinfection over long periods of time (weeks) at low temperature and varying ammonia concentrations • Assess short term (hours) disinfection with these variables • the optimum concentration of ammonia • the intensity of heat treatment • the duration of the application of heat treatment • Assess the potential for regrowth in urine

  6. Materials and methods • Two surrogates used from frozen cultures • E. coliFamp • MS2 • Enumeration Methods • Membrane Filtration - E. coliFamp • Agar Plating - MS2

  7. Experiments: preliminary disinfection • Initial Experiment: 40°C & 60°C over 1 hr • Surrogates: E. coli & MS2 • Total Ammonia Concentration: 2 g/L

  8. Results: preliminary disinfection

  9. Results: preliminary disinfection

  10. Experiments: 50°C disinfection • Previous experiment shows 60°C more than enough while literature says must be above 45°C • Maximize efficiency • Chose 50°C because previous data implied should take less than one day - optimal • Curious about a synergistic effect • 3 treatment methods • AH: Ammonia + Heat • H: Heat Only • A: Ammonia Only • Tested over 24 hours • 2.3g/L NH3 • Two surrogates used: E. coliFamp & MS2

  11. Results: 50°C disinfection

  12. Results: 50°C disinfection

  13. Experiments: regrowth • Factors that could support regrowth • Contamination • High abundance of nutrients found in urine • Tested 3 urine dilutions • 1:0 (2.4 g/L NH3) • 1:1 (1.2 g/L NH3) • 1:5 (0.4 g/L NH3) • Tested 2 controls • Positive: TSB growth media • Negative: PBS • Designed to run for 21 days • 10^4 starting E. coli concentration

  14. Results: regrowth

  15. Conclusions & Further experiments • First of these types of experiments • Synergistic effect proven • significant in short term urine disinfection • implications for other avenues: passive solar heating • Further test synergistic effect with varying ammonia concentrations • Regrowth experiments with spiking before heat • Short, low heat + storage • Other surrogates – Enterococcus, ascaris, eggs

  16. acknowledgements • NSF REU Program • CU Boulder – Dr. Montoya • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation • Dr. Karl Linden • Dr. TesfaYacob • Ryan Mahoney • Sara Beck • Cori Oversby • Linden/Gates Team

  17. References • "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation." Water, Sanitation & Hygiene. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June 2013. • <http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene>. • "Hach – Manufactures Water Quality Testing and Analytical Instruments & Reagents." Hach – • Manufactures Water Quality Testing and Analytical Instruments & Reagents. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June 2013. <http://www.hach.com/>. • Höglund, C. et al. "Evaluation of Faecal Contamination and Microbial Die-Off in Urine • Separating Sewage Systems." Water Science & Technology 38.6 (1998): 17-25. Print. • Putnam, David F. “Composition and Concentrative Properties of Human Urine.” (1971): n. • pag. Google Scholar. Web. • McCartney, Daryl, and Kristine M Wichuk. “A Review of the Effectiveness of Current Time– • Temperature Regulations on Pathogen Inactivation During Composting.” Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science6.5 (2007): 573–586. CrossRef. Web. • Udert, K. M. et al. “Fate of Major Compounds in Source-separated Urine.” Water Science & • Technology 54.11–12 (2006): 413-20. Print. • Vinnerås, Björn et al. “Inactivation of Bacteria and Viruses in Human Urine Depending on • Temperature and Dilution Rate.” Water Research 42.15 (2008): 4067–4074. CrossRef. Web.

  18. Questions? “OUR GOAL:  to enable universal access to sustainable sanitation services by supporting the development of radically new sanitation technologies as well as markets for new sanitation products and services.” – Gates Foundation

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