1 / 10

Household Batteries

Household Batteries . Varun Ravishanker. Laws and Regulations. Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act passed by Congress in 1996 created strict regulations for NiCd and some lead-acid batteries for ease of recycling Easily removable Chemistry included on label

kerri
Télécharger la présentation

Household Batteries

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Household Batteries Varun Ravishanker

  2. Laws and Regulations • Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act passed by Congress in 1996 • created strict regulations for NiCd and some lead-acid batteries for ease of recycling • Easily removable • Chemistry included on label • Uniform storage and collection • Decrease (or end) use of mercury based batteries

  3. Laws and Regulations • Recycling of Mercuric Oxide and NiCd batteries is mandatory in Connecticut by the MWS (Municipal Waste Service) Recycling laws • Connecticut legislation passed similar laws to Minnesota, with regulation of mercury levels of batteries to under .025 percent, and have appliances allow for easy battery removal in 1992 and 1993

  4. Use of Household Batteries • Non rechargeable batteries uses • Alkaline : Cassettes players, radios, appliances • Carbon-zinc: Flashlights, toys, appliances • Lithium: Cameras, calculators, watches, computers • Mercury : Hearing aids, pacemakers, cameras, calculators, watches • Silver: Hearing aids, watches, cameras, calculators • Zinc: Hearing aids, pagers • Rechargeable batteries uses • Nickel-cadmium: Cameras, rechargeable appliances such as portable power tools, hand held vacuums • Small sealed lead-acid: Camcorders, computers, portable radios and tape players, cellular phones, lawn mower starters (NYS Department of Environmental Conservation)

  5. Manufacturing • All batteries are created using different oxides at the anode and cathode ends, with an electrolyte solution in between. • A general battery will have a container which holds the electrolyte solution along with certain chemicals (depending on the type of battery) which is then placed between anode and cathode components which cannot come in contact. The way these pieces are manufactured differs based on the type of battery, but this is the general composition of a battery.

  6. The alkaline cathode is a mixture of manganese dioxide, graphite and an electrolyte. The mixture is granulated, aged, and then compacted into a pressed tablet assembly. Next, these tablets are inserted into a steel can. Insert a paper separator, which is soaked with an electrolyte that promotes ionic, or electrolyte, conductivity once the battery is in use. Insert the anode. In alkaline batteries, the anode is actually a gel made up of mostly zinc powder and several other materials. This gel is inserted into the steel can against the separator paper. A seal must be placed on the battery to help shelf and product life The seal is made up of a brass nail, a plastic gasket, a steel washer and a metal end cap. The four items are pre assembled and inserted into the middle of the steel can, up against the indentation which was formed earlier. A top is welded to the other end of the can to provide the positive polarity safety feature. The batteries are then stored, given a second voltage test, and a decorative outer label is applied. (Rayovac Battery Wizard) Manufacturing

  7. Manufacturing • Lead-acid battery manufacturing leads to sulfate ion and sulfuric acid waste production as well as airborne lead contaminants • Waste water has been found containing Zinc from battery manufacturing • Assembly can also lead to particulate matter, Manganese, and trace amounts of Mercury in the air

  8. Hazardous side effects • Through the manufacturing process, harmful chemicals listed before released in wastewater and as emissions • Batteries sent to incinerators can pollute the water systems from metals after burning • Batteries sent to landfills can eventually have metals leach into the ground and into groundwater • Dry cell batteries contribute about 88 percent of the total mercury and 50 percent of the cadmium in the municipal solid waste stream (Environmental Health and Safety Online)

  9. Geographic locations and organisms impacted • All waterways have potential to be affected by both the wrong disposal and manufacturing of batteries • Air pollution caused by both manufacturing and wrong disposal, compound problems that affect areas like acid rain • Disposal in landfills of batteries can leach materials into soil and damage both the soil and groundwater under the landfill • Therefore a fairly global issue wherever in the world there is heavy manufacturing of batteries or poor disposal of the batteries • Human health affected by metal deposits in water such as Mercury • High levels of Cadmium exposure has been linked to lung cancer and other health effects for humans

  10. Bibliography "Battery Recycling and Disposal Guide for Households." Environment, Health and Safety Online. 2 Oct. 2008 <http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/batteries.php>. "Household Battery Fact Sheet." New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2 Oct. 2008 <http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8819.html>. "How a Battery is Made." Rayovac. 1 Oct. 2008 <http://www.rayovac.com/wizard/battery_howmade.htm>. "Managing Household Batteries." Department of Environmental Protection. <http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2714&q=324830>. "Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act (Battery Act) Enforcement." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2 Oct. 2008 <http://www.epa.gov/compliance/civil/ba/index.html>.

More Related