Chapter 28: Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

1. Chapter 28: Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land By: Martha Vallejo, Kali Benjovsky, Richard Stacey

2. Chapter 28 • 28.1 How Did the Land Plants Arise? • 28.2: How Did Plants Colonize and Thrive on Land? • 28.3: What Features Distinguish the Vascular Plants? • 28.4: What Are the Major Clades of Seedless Plants?

3. 28.1 • Land Plants/Monophyletic/clade - all land plants descend from a common ancestor and form a branch of evolutionary tree of life. • Emrbryophytes: another type of plant • The term plant is used many different ways. • Streptophytes: land plants including green algae. Monophyletic group. • Green plants groups that posses chlorophyll.

4. How Did Plants Colonize and Thrive on Land? • When did they first appear ? • The formation of soil • Characteristics that show the difference between the land plants and green algae • The cuticle • Stomata • Gametangia • Embryos • Certain pigments • Thick spore walls

5. Nonvascular Land Plants Usually live where water is readily available • nonvascular- • Where are they found ? • How do they move water though there body?

6. Life cycles of land plants features alternation of generations-sporophyte • How it becomes a diploid from a haploid? • The sporophytes of nonvascular land plants dependent on gametophytes • -gametophytes • Life cycle of a moss

7. 28.3 What Features Distinguish the Vascular Plants? • Vascular tissues transport water and dissolved materials. -xylem -phloem • Early vascular plants lacked roots and leaves. • Rhizomes and rhizoids are located in modern plants such as fern.

8. 28.3 cont. • Vascular plants branched out. • Roots may have evolved from branches. • Monilophytes and seed plants have true leaves. leaf- flattened photosynthesis structure that emerges from a branch or stem.

9. 28.3 cont. • Megaphyll- large leaf with many veins • Microphyll – small and rarely has more than a single vascular strand. • Homosporous plants have single type of spore. Two distinct spores are heterosporous.

10. 28.4 What are the major clades of seedless plants? • Nonvascular land plants: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. • Liverworts: • most ancient surviving plant clade. • green leaf like layers that lie flat on the ground. • Mosses: • Found on cool damp grounds. • Contain a stomata. • Hornworts: • contain chloroplasts. • capable of growth without a set limit.

11. Continued • Lycophytes: • Roots branch dichotomously. • Contains microphylls; leaves are spirally arranged on the stem. • Whisk Ferns: • Psilotum and Tmesipteris. • Live below ground with no chlorophyll • Leptosporangiate Ferns: • Borne on a stalk and have walls one cell think. • The sporophytes of ferns. • Horsetails: • Also called “scouring rushes.” • Growth originates from discs of dividing cells.

12. Continued The fern life cycle:

13. Resources for pictures. • http://www.sa.ac.th/biodiversity/contents/3plant/microphyll_megaphyll.html • http://www.diffen.com/difference/Phloem_vs_Xylem • http://askville.amazon.com/plant/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=9858319 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern

14. Resources for pictures • www.university.uog.edu • www.anbg.gov.au • www.scienceforkids.kidipede.com • www.doralbio8.wikispaces.com • www.easttennesseewildflowers.com • www.nzpcn.org.nz • www.botany.hawaii.edu • www.science-art.com

15. Resource for pictures • http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/spanish_moss/spanmoss.htm • http://www.coolantarctica.com/gallery2/plants/Moss.html • http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/26/ch26summary.html • http://www.impactlab.net/2009/01/04/reproductive-spores-remarkably-aerodynamic/