a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia.

1. SS8H8 The student will analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia • a. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia. • b. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression. • c. Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge. • d. Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, rural electrification, and Social Security.

2. The Destruction of King Cottona. Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on Georgia • Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop • Price of cotton also dropped • 1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia • Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many Americans enjoyed • Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related business to close

3. The Bottom Drops Outb. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression. • Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold • “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people lose all their wealth • Total losses by end of year: $40 billion • Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per share • Some stocks worth less than 1¢

4. Causes of the Depressionb. Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression. • Many people had borrowed too much money • Factories produced more goods than they could sell • As people and businesses had problems making money, banks did not get paid for loans • “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up • Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank • laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

5. Living Through the Depression • 1932: 13 million unemployed • 9,000 banks closed • 31 Georgia banks failed • Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks where homeless people gathered • Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments to feed hungry • Schools were often forced to close or shorten schedules • Georgians were already suffering from economic problems before Black Tuesday

6. Easing the Burden • President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price • Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy • Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government • Plan did not employ enough people to really help Click to return to Table of Contents.

7. Eugene Talmadge • A conservative white supremacist • Became governor in 1933 • Disliked public welfare and tried to rid the state of the New Deal programs • Elected to a second term in 1934 • Elected again 1940 • Softened his view on the New Deal and used modified versions of New Deal legislation • Tried to interfere with integration of the University of Georgia and cost Georgia’s white colleges their accreditation

8. The New DealDiscuss the effect of the New Deal • 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president • New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression • Examined banks for soundness • Give jobs to unemployed workers • Tried to improve American’s lives • Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work

9. Georgia and the New Deal • NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set minimum wage • Textile mill owners did not like the minimum wage • Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers work longer, faster, or more tasks • TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built • CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc. • REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought electric power to rural areas

10. New Deal • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC ) 1933 Provided jobs for young single men building forest trails and roads, building parks, and planting trees to reforest the land and control flooding. • Rural electrification -- The REA loaned over $300 million to farmers’ cooperatives to help them extend their own power lines and buy power wholesale. This program was one on the most important and far-reaching of the New Deal programs. By 1940, a significant percentage of farmers in Georgia and other parts of the nation had electricity. Electric water pumps, lights,milking machines, and appliances made farm life much easier.

11. New Deal • Under the Agricultural Adjustment Act, farm subsidies (grants of money from the government) went to property owners rather than to the tenant farmers, who were predominantly black. • The Social Security Act was not designed to provide an income for farm and household workers, so African Americans working at those • jobs were not covered.

12. African Americans During the New Deal • Did not benefit from many New Deal programs • WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African Americans • Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working with President Roosevelt: • Mary McLeod Bethune • Clark Foreman • Robert Weaver • William Hastie

13. Georgia’s New Deal Governors • Richard B. Russell • Worked to reorganize state government like a successful business • Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years • Eugene Talmadge • Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia • Eurith “Ed” Rivers • Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in Georgia • Began programs for public housing • Term ended with corruption problems

14. Georgia’s New Deal Governors • Talmadge re-elected in 1940 • Began to use some New Deal programs • Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges • Ellis Arnall • Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons • Removed poll tax • New state constitution Click to return to Table of Contents.

15. SS8H9 The student will describe the impact of World War II on Georgia’s development economically, socially, and politically. • a. Describe the impact of events leading up to American involvement in World War II; include Lend-Lease and the bombing of Pearl Harbor. • b. Evaluate the importance of Bell Aircraft, military bases, the Savannah and Brunswick shipyards, Richard Russell, and Carl Vinson. • c. Explain the impact of the Holocaust on Georgians. • d. Discuss President Roosevelt’s ties to Georgia including his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on the state.

16. The War Begins • 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland) • Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland • Great Britain and France declared war • Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany • By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

17. A Neutral United States • Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain • Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union • Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union • American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

18. “A Day that Will Live in Infamy” • President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries • Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped • The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 • Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean • The USA declared war on Japan • Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

19. American Military Forces • Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor • 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles • Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units • Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

20. The War in Europe • 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa • 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies • American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe • D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France • Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France • April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

21. Georgia Loses a Friend • President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs • His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs • April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs • Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned • Vice President Harry Truman became president

22. The War in the Pacific • 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region • 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands • Japan refused to surrender • President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japan’s surrender • Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan • Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Over 50 million people died in the war

23. Bell Aircraft • Opened in 1943 in Marietta – largest aircraft assembly plant in the world • Assembled bombers for the USAF from 1943-1945. • Employed 27,000 people and assembled over 668 planes • Opened in 1950 as the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation • Today is operated by the Lockheed Martin Corporation

24. Brunswick and Savannah Shipyards • Built the “Liberty ships” essential to war effort • Savannah - 88 ships built by 15,000 employees – mostly women • Brunswick – 99 Liberty ships built by over 16,000 men and women

25. Richard B. Russell, Jr. • Became state’s youngest governor on June 27, 1931 • Created Board of Regents • Elected to U.S. Senate in 1932 • Supported states’ rights and a strong national defense • Co-sponsored a bill to provide school lunch to all children

26. Carl Vinson • Vinson was a major influence in promoting a strong national defense. • President Roosevelt and Vinson worked to increase the country’s military readiness. • Georgia’s economy had grown to depend heavily on the state’s military installations, and Vinson represented Georgia’s interest in the military through his committee work.

27. The Holocaust • The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people • Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed • 6 million people killed in the Holocaust

28. Georgia During World War II • 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed • Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy • Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer • Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing) • Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war • Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food • POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

29. The War’s Effects on Society • Everyone was expected to help in the war effort • Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war • G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life • Low cost loans for homes or business • College education opportunities • Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war Click to return to Table of Contents.

30. SS8H10 The student will evaluate key post-World War II developments of Georgia from 1945 to 1970. • a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth. • b. Explain how the development of Atlanta, including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports, contributed to the growth of Georgia. • c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall.

31. a. Analyze the impact of the transformation of agriculture on Georgia’s growth. • After WWII agriculture was no longer dominant • People moved from farms to the city to work in factories during the war • Machinery such as tractors and harvesters replaced labor on farms • 1940 - 66% rural/farmers; 34% urban • 1970 – 40% rural/farmers; 60% urban

32. Industries Move into Georgia • Businesses continued to move into the state • Air conditioning began to be installed making year round work more comfortable • Georgia’s low taxes were attractive to workers and businesses • Lockheed became largest employer • CDC: Centers for Disease Control – Atlanta headquarters established

33. William B. Hartsfield • Served 6 terms as mayor of Atlanta • Best known for making Atlanta the aviation hub of the Southeast • A leader in integrating the city of Atlanta including schools, lunch counters, busses and golf courses

34. Ivan Allen • Atlanta mayor 1962-1970 • Continued Hartsfield’s approach to peaceful integration • Took down all “Colored” and “White” signs in city hall on the day he took office • Integrated fire department • Was able to get the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) in service

35. Major League Sports • 1966 – Atlanta Braves • 1968 – Atlanta Hawks • 1972-1980 – Atlanta Flames (hockey) • 1997 – Atlanta Thrashers • These teams have raised the prestige of the city and generate millions of dollars in revenue each year

36. Ellis Arnall • Made board of regents separate from the governor’s office • The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) restored accreditation to Georgia’s colleges • Established a board of corrections and a parole board • Abolished poll tax • New constitution in 1945 • First state to grant 18 year olds the right to vote

37. SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement. • a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag. • b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox. • c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.

38. Herman Talmadge • Re-elected governor in 1950 • Expanded schools to include grades 1-12 • Lengthened school year to 9 months • Raised standards for buildings, equipment, transportation and school curricula • 3 percent tax passed to pay for changes

39. Benjamin Mays • Educator and president of Morehouse College • Mentor to MLK, Jr. • Chairman of the Atlanta Board of Education • Has a street and a high school named in his honor in southwest Atlanta

40. 1946 Governor’s Race(The Three Governors Episode) • Eugene Talmadge was elected but died before taking office • Three men claimed the office: Ellis Arnall (current governor), Herman Talmadge (Eugene’s son who was chosen by the legislature based on write-in votes in the election) and Melvin Thompson (Lt. Governor) • In March, the Georgia Supreme court ruled that Melvin Thompson was the rightful head of the state until a special election could be held in 1948 • Herman Talmadge won that election

41. 1956 State Flag • Many were offended by the Confederate battle emblem on the flag because of its references to slavery • Others felt it was a memorial to the war dead • The flag was hurting business and tourism in the state • Gov. Roy Barnes changed the flag • Sonny Perdue promised to change the flag if elected

42. End of the White Primary • The state allowed only white Democrats to vote in the primary elections (those in which candidates from each party are chosen) • This kept blacks from choosing their own candidates – they were only allowed to vote in the general election in which there really wasn’t a choice • In 1946, the U. S. Supreme Court, Georgia’s white primary system unconstitution (King V. Chapman)

43. The Supreme Court and Education • 1948: racial integration ordered in armed forces • 1950: Brown v. Board of Education – case struck down “separate but equal” concept; schools were to be integrated • Sibley Commission: found that most Georgians would rather close schools than integrate • More private schools opened • 1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first African American students at UGA • 1971: All Georgia public schools integrated

44. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, African American, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared marches • Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional

45. A Nonviolent Movement is Born • Martin Luther King, Jr. of Atlanta • Developed a nonviolent approach to social change • Four-prong approach: • direct, nonviolent actions • legal remedies • ballots • economic boycotts • SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference – civil rights group led by Dr. King • Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to people refuse to leave a public building until their demands are met

46. The Albany Movement • 1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activity • SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – challenged segregated bus system in Albany • Nearly 500 people jailed • Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans

47. Protests Move to Alabama • 1963: Martin Luther King, Jr. begins work to integrate all aspects of public life in Birmingham, AL • Over 3000 people arrested • Bomb killed 4 black children in their church • African Americans and whites from the north and south began to join together to stop the violence

48. The Civil Rights Act • President Kennedy created new civil rights laws • Kennedy was assassinated before the new laws came into effect • Lyndon Johnson became president and pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • All public facilities had to be integrated • Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions

49. The Voting Rights Act • 1964: Freedom Summer – Martin Luther King, Jr. and SNCC worked to get African Americans registered to vote • Selma-to-Montgomery, AL march led by Dr. King • Nearly 30,000 marchers • Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – one million African Americans were registered to vote

50. A Shift in Mood • Some people moved from the nonviolent strategies to more aggressive ones • SNCC and “Black Panthers” confronted police • Malcolm X preached black separatism • Race riots in Los Angeles, Detroit, and Newark • April 1968: Dr. King assassinated in Memphis, TN while working with striking sanitation workers