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Overview of Threads in Operating Systems: Concepts, Models, and Issues

This chapter provides an in-depth overview of threads in operating systems, exploring various multithreading models such as many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. It discusses the differences between user-level and kernel-level threads, highlighting their benefits and issues, such as thread management, cancellation, and signal handling. Different operating systems, including Solaris, Windows, Linux, and Java threads, are analyzed. Understand how threads serve as lightweight processes, share resources, and optimize CPU utilization in multithreaded applications.

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Overview of Threads in Operating Systems: Concepts, Models, and Issues

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  1. Chapter 5: Threads • Overview • Multithreading Models • Threading Issues • Pthreads • Solaris 2 Threads • Windows 2000 Threads • Linux Threads • Java Threads Operating System Concepts

  2. Process VS Thread • Process has • Process environment – address space with code and data, open file handles, accounting info, other resources • Thread of control – program counter, register values, stack has execution history, current execution state • Thread is a lightweight process • Has only the thread of control • Environment is shared with other threads in the same process Operating System Concepts

  3. Single and Multithreaded Processes Operating System Concepts

  4. Benefits • Responsiveness • Multithreaded application can be more interactive • Resource Sharing • Threads share resources • Economy • Creating a process and allocating resources is costly – creating a thread is cheaper • Utilization of Multi Processor Architectures • Many large computers have several CPUs Operating System Concepts

  5. User Threads • Thread management done by user-level threads library • Thread creation and management is fast – no kernel involvement • No sophisticated scheduling • Can be implemented on an O.S. that doesn’t support threads • Examples - POSIX Pthreads - Mach C-threads - Solaris threads Operating System Concepts

  6. Kernel Threads • Supported by the Kernel • Slower to create and manage • Kernel provides scheduling and management • In a process with several threads, a page fault by one thread will not block entire process if other threads are runnable • Examples - Windows 95/98/NT/2000 - Solaris - Tru64 UNIX - BeOS - Linux Operating System Concepts

  7. Multithreading Models • How to get the advantages of both user and kernel threads without the disadvantages of either: • Many-to-One • One-to-One • Many-to-Many Operating System Concepts

  8. Many-to-One • Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread (process). • Used on systems that do not support kernel threads. Operating System Concepts

  9. Many-to-One Model Operating System Concepts

  10. One-to-One • Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread. • Examples - Windows 95/98/NT/2000 - OS/2 Operating System Concepts

  11. One-to-one Model Operating System Concepts

  12. Many-to-Many Model • Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads. • Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads. • Solves the blocking problem while maintaining efficient thread creation and management. • Solaris 2 • Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package Operating System Concepts

  13. Many-to-Many Model Operating System Concepts

  14. Threading Issues • Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls. If multithreaded process forks a child, does the child process have the same number of active threads? • Thread cancellation. Immediate or deferred cancellation. • Signal handling The O.S. uses a signal to notify a process that an event has occurred. If process is multithreaded, where to deliver signal? • Thread pools Reuse threads in some applications – web server • Thread specific data Thread tables handle thread specific data the way PCBs handle process specific data. Operating System Concepts

  15. Pthreads • a POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and synchronization. • API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the library. • Common in UNIX operating systems. Operating System Concepts

  16. Solaris 2 Threads Operating System Concepts

  17. Solaris Process Several light weight processes can belong to a Solaris process (kernel thread) Operating System Concepts

  18. Windows 2000 Threads • Implements the one-to-one mapping. • Each thread contains - a thread id - register set - separate user and kernel stacks - private data storage area Operating System Concepts

  19. Linux Threads • Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads. • Thread creation is done through clone() system call. • Clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process) Operating System Concepts

  20. Java Threads • Java threads may be created by: • Extending Thread class • Implementing the Runnable interface • Java threads are managed by the JVM. Operating System Concepts

  21. Java Thread States Operating System Concepts

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