Millions of Hectares

1. Today: more Biotech Th 10/23 Exam #2 Global area planted with GM crops Texas =70 ha Millions of Hectares http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

2. RT and/or PCR Fig 18.1 Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid

3. How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence? DNA sequencing

4. The structure of 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotides Fig 18.14

5. Fig18.15 The dideoxy sequencing method

6. Fig18.15 The dideoxy sequencing method

7. Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method

8. Fig 18.16 Computerized sequencers use a similar method

9. RT and/or PCR Fig 18.1 Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid

10. …now enjoy making Frakencritters.

11. What is the largest scale experiment that is being currently performed?

12. Genetically Modified Organisms

13. Human resource production and use Worldwide Grain Production per Person http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

14. World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

15. ~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

16. Corn prices late 1999 - Dec 2007 Wheat prices http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

17. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

18. Increasing oil prices drive up potential profit, and cost of food crops Cost of oil----Profitable cost of corn for ethanol $50 ---- $4/bushel $100 ---- $7/bushel $140 ---- $10/bushel Summer 2008 corn price: ~$8/bushelCurrent October 2008 corn price: ~$5/bushel http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo07_11/fefo07_11.htmlhttp://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

19. Whereas previous dramatic rises in world grain prices were weather-induced, this one is policy-induced and can be dealt with by policy adjustments. If the entire U.S. grain harvest were converted into ethanol, it would satisfy scarcely 18 percent of our automotive fuel needs. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

20. Land use in USA, 1997

21. Agricultural Artificial Selection(breeding) Hunter- Gatherer Industrial

22. Modern cows were bred from earlier bovine species.

23. from Teosinte Maize By artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.

25. Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial selection.

26. Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds Artificial selection 1. Select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. Number of Individuals 3. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 4. After several generations, bud size increases dramatically. 0 1 2 3 Size of buds (cm) Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds

27. Agricultural Hunter- Gatherer Industrial increased technology and understanding of molecular biology

28. Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA Fig 18.1

29. Global area planted with GM crops Texas =70 ha Millions of Hectares http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

31. Tbl 19.5 Why Change a Plant’s DNA? • Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics • Produce needed protein • Insect resistance (Bt toxin) • Herbicide resistance (Round-up) • Drought or other stress resistance

32. Common GM Crops in the U.S. % of Total US Acres http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/09/monsanto-is-hap.html

33. Types of Genetically Modified Crops Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance

34. Common GM Crops in the U.S. % of Total US Acres http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/09/monsanto-is-hap.html

35. Is changing an organsisms DNA a good idea? Texas =70 ha Millions of Hectares http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

36. Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea? • Genes flow within species and between species. • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

37. Pollution in Gulf of Mexico from run-off in the Mississippi river AAL 25.17

38. Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.

39. Genetic information moves. GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states GM crops illegal

40. Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating. GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states GM crops illegal

41. Many Questions, but Few Answers? • Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? • Are GM foods safe for the environment? • Are GM foods profitable for: • Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

42. Types of Genetically Modified Crops Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance

43. Patents give 20 year monopoly for inventor www.uspto.gov

44. Three types of U.S. patents: 1) Utility patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof; 2) Design patents may be granted to anyone who invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture; and 3) Plant patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant. www.uspto.gov

45. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

46. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory

47. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammator • GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk of various diseases

48. Examples of current patents: • Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties • Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory • GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases • Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

49. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

50. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture