Apartheid

1. Apartheid From the Afrikaans word for "apartness," apartheid is a term that came from the 1930s describing the political policy under which the races in South Africa were separated. Apartheid recognized four races: Bantu, or black African; Coloured, or mixed race; white, and Asian.

2. http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.htmlhttp://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

3. Apartheid Laws • http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm

4. South Africa’s Apartheid Era • Apartheid Laws began in 1948 post WWII when S.Africa became a nation from former British territories • Laws impacted Social, Political, and Economic aspects of S.A. life • Marriage • Representation • Jobs

5. 1960’s Grand Domination • Plan to maintain white domination and racial separation • Blacks had to carry “Pass books” identifying who they were, where they were from etc.

8. Homelands • All political Rights were restricted to your homeland • You would be a citizen of your homeland and lose citizenship to your country South African Government had complete control of all homelands.

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8muaT7nNJY

10. Resistance !!Steven Biko (1947 – 1977) • Medical student who began South African Student Organization • Stressed the need for psychological liberation, black pride and non-violence • Biko was arrested in 1977

11. An Anti-Apartheid Martyr • Biko was detained and interrogated four times between August 1975 and September 1977 under Apartheid era anti-terrorism legislation. On 21 August 1977 Biko was detained by the Eastern Cape security police and held in Port Elizabeth. From the Walmer police cells he was taken for interrogation at the security police headquarters. On 7 September "Biko sustained a head injury during interrogation, after which he acted strangely and was uncooperative. The doctors who examined him (naked, lying on a mat and manacled to a metal grille) initially disregarded overt signs of neurological injury."1 • By 11 September Biko had slipped into a continual, semi-conscious state and the police physician recommended a transfer to hospital. Biko was, however, transported 1,200 km to Pretoria – a 12-hour journey which he made lying naked in the back of a Land Rover. A few hours later, on 12 September, alone and still naked, lying on the floor of a cell in the Pretoria Central Prison, Biko died from brain damage.

12. The Apartheid Government's ResponseThe South African Minister of Justice, James (Jimmy) Kruger initially suggested Biko had died of a hunger-strike and said that his death "left him cold". The hunger strike story was dropped after local and international media pressure, especially from Donald Woods, the editor of the East London Daily Dispatch. It was revealed in the inquest that Biko had died of brain damage, but the magistrate failed to find anyone responsible, ruling that Biko had died as a result of injuries sustained during a scuffle with security police whilst in detention. An Anti-Apartheid MartyrThe brutal circumstances of Biko's death caused a worldwide outcry and he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance to the oppressive Apartheid regime

13. September '77 Port Elizabeth weather fine It was business as usual In police room 619 Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja -The man is dead When I try to sleep at night I can only dream in red The outside world is black and white With only one colour dead Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Oh Biko, Biko, because Biko Yihla Moja, Yihla Moja -The man is dead Biko – Peter Gabriel

14. Nelson Mandela 1918- • an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). • 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life in prison. • Mandela served 27 years in prison, • Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to multi-racial democracy in 1994. • President from 1994 to 1999, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation.

15. Released in 1990 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5s8xkjG8bx4 • First democratically elected South African president • Ran under Political Party ANC African National Congress

16. F. W. de Klerk • President 1989 – 1994 • Started the end of Apartheid • Freed Mandela • 1991 repealed all apartheid laws • Served as Mandela’s vice president in 1994

17. Nobel Peace Prize 1993

18. Truth and Reconciliation CommissionA country Forgives? • Victims of gross human rights violations were invited to give statements about their experiences, and some were selected for public hearings. • Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty from both civil and criminal prosecution. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Azz-F0mbWP8

19. Economic Impact • Boycott: isolation of South Africa by individuals, organizations, and national governments protesting against South Africa's apartheid system. Imposed from the 1970s to 1994, applied to military supplies, economics, culture, and sport. • Designed to make life more difficult for white South Africans and bring shame to the country socially. • Boycotting involved people all over the world to end oppression of black South Africans.

20. South Africa Today • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WBe84VPlWg&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wH71RbLoJo • Is 96 of 224 nations in GNP

21. Regents Review • # paper from 1- 9 • http://regentsprep.org/Regents/core/questions/questions.cfm?Course=GLOB&TopicCode=8e • Essays • Individuals and Movements • Revolutions

22. Thematic Essay Review Theme: Change — Ideas 06/10 • The ideas of individuals have had a significant influence on groups, nations, and regions. • Task: • Select two individuals and for each • Explain a specific idea developed by the individual • Describe the historical circumstances that surrounded the development of the idea • Discuss how the idea influenced a group or a nation or a region

23. Thematic Essay : Political Systems • Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’07 • Political systems have affected the history and culture of nations and societies. • Task: • Choose two different political systems and for each • Describe the characteristics of the political system • Discuss how the political system has affected the history or culture of a specific nation or society

24. Thematic Essay: Human Rights 6/09 • Throughout history, there have been many examples where groups of people have been denied their human rights. Individuals, groups, and governments have attempted to end many of these human rights violations although they have not always been successful. • Task: • Select two different examples from history where human rights have been denied to groups of people and for each • Answers to the essay questions are to be written in the separate essay booklet. • Explain the historical circumstances that led to the denial of human rights • Describe how the human rights of that group were denied • Discuss an action taken by an individual, a group, or a government that attempted to end the human rights violations

25. Thematic Essay: Political Change • Global Hist. & Geo. – June ’07 • Often, governments implement policies in an attempt to change society. • Task: • Choose one example from global history where a government attempted to change society and • Describe the change the government wanted to bring about • Explain why the government wanted to make this change • Describe one specific policy the government used to try to bring about this change • Discuss the extent to which this change was achieved