PLEASE REMEMBER…

1. PLEASE REMEMBER… • TURN OFF YOUR CELL PHONES! • DON’T TALK DURING THE LECTURE. I HAVE BEEN GETTING COMPLAINTS AGAIN. IF I HAVE TO STOP LECTURING I WILL, BUT YOU’LL STILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MATERIAL I WOULD HAVE COVERED!

2. Personality and Its AssessmentChapter 12

3. Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that leads to some consistency in a person’s behaviour It is the result of both genetics and experience Nature and nurture Why do you “know” some people? Consistency/predictability over time and circumstance What are some “personality” words? What Is Personality? LOBJ 12.1

4. Psychodynamic Theories • Psychodynamic theories focus on how unconscious processes direct day-to-day behavior • The most famous of these approaches was the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud • Freud was an Austrian physician who developed his theory while treating people with physical and mental problems

5. Psychodynamic Theories • From his work with these patients, Freud began to formulate a theory that centered on early childhood experiences and fantasies • Psychoanalysis • Approach to therapy • Psychodynamic Theory • Explanation for behavior and personality

6. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory rests on several assumptions: Human experience takes place on three levels of consciousness Preconscious, conscious, unconscious Human functioning is influenced by three basic structures of the mind Id, Ego, and Superego The foundation of personality is shaped by early childhood experiences Psychodynamic Theories LOBJ 12.3

7. Parental punishment of a child’s sexual and aggressive behavioursresults in repression of part of these experiences and leads to psychological conflict Conflict creates anxiety, and people protect themselves against anxiety with defence mechanisms (will cover in lab next week; take your book to lab! LOBJ 12.5) Psychodynamic Theories LOBJ 12.3

8. Freud: Structures of the Mind • The idis the source of a person’s instinctual energy either sexual or aggressive and works by the pleasure principle • The ego seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with reality • The superego provides an egoideal and a conscience

9. The Id, the Ego, and the Superego

10. Development of Personality LOBJ 12.4 • Freud argued that people pass through five stages of personality development that are associated with conflicts with erogenous zones

11. First stage is the oral stage From birth to age 2, the infant’s instincts focus on the mouth as the primary pleasure center Adults who remain attached to the oral stage or revert to it during intense anxiety display traits of an “oral” personality that include biting objects, smoking, or overeating Development of Personality

12. Development of Personality • Stage two is the anal stage (age 2 to 3) • Children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation • They learn to respond to some of parents’ and society’s demands • Adults who had difficulty in the stage tend to have problems with orderliness (or lack of it) • Anal retentive • Anal expulsive

13. The third stage is the phallic stage (age 4 – 7) During this stage children pass through what Freud termed the Oedipus complex that involves unconscious wishes to have sexual intercourse with one parent During the Oedipus complex the child wants to replace the other parent This rivalry produces castration anxiety During the same stage girls develop penis envy Where’s mine? The Oedipus complex is resolved by identifying with the same sex parent If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em. This leads to acquisition of a superego Development of Personality

14. The fourth stage is latency (from age 7 to puberty) During latency, sexual urges are inactive (latent) Energy devoted to other things School Sports Skills Stage five is the genital stage Begins with the onset of puberty Failure to pass through earlier stages successfully may lead to unresolved conflicts throughout adulthood Development of Personality

15. Sex and Aggression LOBJ 12.4 • Freud felt behaviour was energized by two basic instinctual drives • The drive toward life, expressed through sexual energy (eros) • The drive toward death, expressed through aggression (thanatos) • Freud’s theory focused mainly on the energy of the sexual instinct, libido

16. Relevant today? LOBJ 12.6 • The father of psychoanalytical theory. • Major ground breaking ideas for the 1900s • Became popular in the 20s and 30s • Hitchcock was fascinated with Freud’s theory • Some of his ideas stand today • Parent/child relationships • Defence mechanisms • Unconscious processes • Controversial today, many don’t consider his theory to be valid, others are hard core Freudians • Have to know about it to understand society, culture, and where psychology has come from

17. Alfred Adler was one of the original members of Freud’s Vienna Psychoanalytic Society before having a falling out with Freud  Adler acknowledged the role of heredity and environment in furnishing the building materials of personality Adler called the ability to shape our ownpersonality creative power Humans are motivated by feelings of inferiority; we need to overcome and achieve success. We are by nature selfish and social. We are also conscious, not mainly unconscious. We need not be the victims of primitive drives. We are self-conscious and capable of improving ourselves and the world around us. Our main concerns in life are a vocation, communal living, and love. We are by nature unified. Adler and Individual Psychology LOBJ 12.7

18. Maybe the first “feminist” theorist (early 1900s) He deplored the inferior status of women and blamed men’s aggressiveness Men force inferior roles on women There is no biological inferiority to justify women’s inferior status Penis envy! Ha! “All our institutions, our traditional attitudes, our laws, our morals, our customs, give evidence of the fact that they are determined and maintained by privileged males for the glory of male domination…Nobody can bear a positon of inferiority without anger and disgust…That women must be submissive is…(a) superstition…. (Adler, 1927) Adler and Feminism

19. Another important theorist to break from Freud was Carl Jung Jung believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection It’s not about sex, it’s about finding meaning in life. We have what Jung called,the collective unconscious :a shared storehouse of primitive ideas and images a Archetypes –come to grips with Tests of Courage: Shadow – the dark side of our personality; deal with it! Anima (for males) Animus (for females) Great Mother Wise Old Man Self Jung and Analytical Psychology LOBJ 12.8

20. I can’t see inside your mind, so why even consider that? Behaviourists believe personality is acquired through Reinforcement (operant conditioning) Natural selection Need to survive Cultural evolution Language & technology VERY different from the psychodynamic theories! Behavioral Theory of Personality LOBJ 12.9 & 12.10

21. A trait is any readily-identifiable, stable quality that characterizes an individual from other individuals (continuum) Cheerful Shy Types are personality categories in which broad collections of traits are loosely tied together and interrelated Level-headed Calm Makes rational decisions Gordon Allport – Personal Disposition Cardinal, central, secondary traits = you Raymond B. Cattell Factor analysis (gps variables) Trait sets or clusters Surface & source Hans Eysenck Types, traits, habits Extraversion-Introversion (E) Neuroticism-Stability (N) Psychoticism-Superego Function (P) Traits and Type Theories - LOBJ 12.11, 12.12, & 12.13

22. Five broad categories of traits Five Factor Model The Big Five Researchers think of the five factors as “supertraits” Genetics of personality? Read pg. 431 Extraversion-introversion Agreeableness-antagonism Conscientiousness-undirectedness Neuroticism-stability Openness to experience Description not explanation http://similarminds.com/bigfive.html The Five Factor Model LOBJ 12.14 & 12.15

23. Humanistic Psychology LOBJ 12.16 • Reaction to Psychodynamic, Behaviouristic, & Type views • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers • People are motivated to achieve personal goals by internal forces • Phenomenological Approach • Self-determination

24. Maslow and Self-Actualization LOBJ 12.17 • Maslow conceives of motives as forming a hierarchy • Lower needs, such as those for food and water, are at the bottom of the hierarchy • Self-actualization is the final level of psychological development • Self-actualized individuals accept themselves, others, and nature

25. Freud v. Maslow

26. Carl Rogers made three basic assumptions about behaviour: Behaviour is goal-directed People have the potential for growth How individuals see the world determines how they behave Inborn tendency toward fulfillment, a tendency toward actualizing one’s essential nature attained only if certain conditions are met Empathy Unconditional positive regard Congruence People who receive empathy and unconditional positive regard from a congruent partner become a “fully-functioning person” Rogers and Self Theory LOBJ 12.18

27. Freud v. Rogers

28. Personality Assessment LOBJ 12.25 • Assessment is the process of evaluating individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes • Projective tests • Personality Inventories

29. Projective Tests LOBJ 12.26 • The basic idea: • the unconscious directs daily behaviour and thoughts • Projective tests are used to uncover unconscious motives • The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a classic projective test • Examinees say what they see in a series of 10 inkblots, shown one at a time

30. Thematic Apperception Test LOBJ 12.26 • The Thematic Apperception Test(TAT) is more structured than the Rorschach • It consists of a series of black-and-white pictures that depict at least one person in an ambiguous situation • People taking the TAT are asked to tell a story describing the situation

31. Personality inventories generally consist of true/false or multiple choice items to which people respond objective Well-constructed inventories tend to be valid predictors of performance in a wide array of situations One of the most widely used personality tests is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2) The norms of the MMPI-2 are based on profiles of normal people and groups of psychiatric patients Personality Inventories LOBJ 12.27