1 / 19

Relationships

Relationships. History of relationships research. Pre1960s Festinger , Schachter , & Bach, 1950 1960s-70s Newcomb, 1961 Byrne, 1961 Walster , Aronson, Abrahams, & Rottman , 1966 Dutton & Aron , 1974 1980s Love, Investment model 1990s Evolutionary psych 2000s “Real” relationships.

khoi
Télécharger la présentation

Relationships

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Relationships

  2. History of relationships research • Pre1960s • Festinger, Schachter, & Bach, 1950 • 1960s-70s • Newcomb, 1961 • Byrne, 1961 • Walster, Aronson, Abrahams, & Rottman, 1966 • Dutton & Aron, 1974 • 1980s • Love, Investment model • 1990s • Evolutionary psych • 2000s • “Real” relationships

  3. Predictors of attraction (target) • Physical attractiveness • Facial characteristics • Waist-to-hip ratio • Psychological dispositions • Being liked • Being familiar • Having pratfalls • Ovulating • What is beautiful is good (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid)

  4. Predictors of attraction (perceiver or both) • Sex differences • Comparisons • Physiological arousal • Mood • Self-disclosure • Keeping relationship secret • Similarity • Scarcity • Proximity

  5. Major theoretical approaches • Social exchange theory (Blau, 1964) • Equity theory (Walster, Walster, & Berscheid, 1978) • Interdependence theory (Thibaut & Kelley, 1959) • Investment model (Rusbult, 1990) • Attachment theory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) • Evolutionary psychology (Buss, Kenrick) • Communal vs. exchange relationships (Clark)

  6. Investment model • Rewards-costs + • Comparison level = satisfaction + • Comparison level for alts + • Investments=commitment=stability = willingness to accomodate • Derogate alternatives • EVLN • What does it predict • How does it differ from equity?

  7. Attachment • Bowlby • Ainsworth “Strange Situation” • Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-ambivalent • Hazan & Shaver, 1987 • Avoidance vs. Ambivalence as separate dimensions • Secure • Preoccupied • Fearful avoidant • Dismissive avoidant • To what extent are these stable? • How do they relate to attributions? • How does this relate to ev psych?

  8. Love (80s) • Rubin’s love scale • Companionate vs. passionate love (Berscheid & Walster, 1978) • Sternberg’s triangular theory (intimacy, passion, commitment) • Love styles (Henrick & Henrick) • eros, ludus, storge, mania, agape, pragma • Sternberg’s love as a theory (scripts) • How can love be best conceptualized?

  9. Murray & Holmes, 2008 • Commitment insurance system • Seek connection vs. avoid rejection • Consider: Self char, partner char, dyad char • Confidence in partner’s love leads to commitment; Doubt to self-protection • Relate to sociometer • Self-esteem effects—are they the only moderators?

  10. Is this conscious? • Differences in collectivist cultures • If = ptr, then ptr committed • Find similar mate value • Maintain match • Comparisons change commitment (like Swann) • Doubt of self leads low SE to doubt ptr • High SE to think ptr loves them more • Laundry list study affected both

  11. If exchange concerns, promote dependence • Coin study • If ptr dependent, then = ptr • If ptr committed, pursue connectedness • Low SE responds to rejection w/ withdrawal • New look interdependence theory • How different from T&K? • From Rusbult? • Attributions to intrinsic vs. instrumental vs. extrinsic motivations • Low SE acts like high under cognitive load • What are implications of this approach for relationships?

  12. Gottman research • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oB6zNcLIH0 • 4 horsemen of the apocalypse • Contempt • Stonewalling • Defensiveness • Criticism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fTAKtDB8fY

  13. Positive relationships • Surprise as important (Berscheid, 1983) • Novel, exciting activities (Aron) • Positive attributions • Assume they love you and make them feel loved (Murray) • Remember the positive • Think you’re better than other couples • Be accurate but positive (Fletcher)

  14. Measurement issues, etc. • IOS (Aron) • Experimental induction of closeness (Aron) • RCI (Berscheid) • Frequency, strength, diversity • Are we accurate vs. enhancing about our relationships?

  15. Evolutionary psych • Parental investment model (Trivers) • What is attractive • Long vs. short term strategies • Jealousy • Scent • Rape • Avoiding temptation • Warding off rivals

  16. Maner & Miller • Justification for college students • Attentional biases • Abbey study • Criticisms of ev psych findings?

  17. Issues with ev psych • Adaptations vs. by-products vs. noise • Examples? • Article is different from early ev psych • Modules • Ultimate and proximate both important • Can ev psych be falsified? • Or are they just HARKing? Is there an ultimate test?

  18. Isn’t it just rationality? • Sexual vs. emotional jealousy • Isn’t socialization important? • Influence of peers • How does culture fit in? • Evoked culture • Transmitted culture • How do recent environmental changes affect evolution? (how long does it take, and why are we still on the Pleistocene fields?)

  19. How do genes figure into evo? • How can evo be applied? • Depression treatment • What can it not explain? • Homosexuality • Suicide • Adoption • Is ev psych too beaten down or too girded up?

More Related