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3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?

3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?. Nick Land. Context. 20 Years. Cadastral Trends. Security of tenure (ownership) Support for land markets (value) Sustainable development (use) Rights and restrictions Efficient & effective land administration Extending the use & value of the cadastre.

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3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?

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  1. 3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality? Nick Land

  2. Context

  3. 20 Years

  4. Cadastral Trends • Security of tenure (ownership) • Support for land markets (value) • Sustainable development (use) • Rights and restrictions • Efficient & effective land administration • Extending the use & value of the cadastre

  5. Why do we need a 3D cadastre? • Address the trends in cadastre • Urbanisation • Complexity of structures & related rights • On & above ground • Sub-surface

  6. Not a new concept

  7. No ‘true’ 3D cadastres exist • Register volumes in land (public) registers, but not included in cadastral map • Register only a subset of objects • Apartment blocks • Utilities • Register new constructions only • No widely accepted definition of 3D cadastre

  8. Definition (FIG) • A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity • Homogeneous = the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D spatial unit • Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is true

  9. How to Implement? GIS Technology

  10. GIS Functionality Continues to Improve Mapping & Editing Imagery LiDAR Mobile Cloud Apps 3-D 4-D & Real Time

  11. ArcGIS is a 3D GIS

  12. 3D Data types in the Geodatabase • Vector feature classes with X,Y,Z geometry • 3D Points • 3D Lines • 3D Polygons • Elevation grid rasters (DTM/DEM) • Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface) • Mosaics of LAS LiDAR datasets • Multipatch (volumetric bodies)

  13. Introducing Multipatch • A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. • Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings • Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector information within the geometry

  14. Collections can be complex • A single composite multipatch can contain multiple patches of varying types

  15. Textures can be applied • Two rings and one triangle strip • Different textures for roof, floor and walls

  16. 3D Cadastre

  17. Concepts of 3D Cadastre • Full 3D cadastre • 3D tagging • Hybrid 3D Cadastre • 4D Cadastre – Time as the fourth dimension

  18. The hybrid solution – All in one database • Supports the identification of a land unit • Supports boundary definitions • Supports and maintains topological relationships • Allows maintenance in both 2D and 3D • Allows display of complex spatial relationships • Allows spatial analysis • Allows maintenance of other types of objects 2D 3D Survey network Data Maintenance Identification Spatial relationships Boundary Definition Spatial analysis Spatial analysis Data Maintenance Identification

  19. 3D Cadastre – Hybrid Solution 2D Parcels; 3D Objects Legal & Physical Objects – Above & below ground

  20. 3D Cadastre Visualisation

  21. 3D Cadastre Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market valuation

  22. Simplifies the creation, maintenance and usage of 3D cities Esri’s 3D Urban Information Model Built Environment Buildings & Building Interiors Transport & Utility Networks Installations Trees Legal Environment 3D Zoning 3D Land Ownership Natural Environment Land Cover Atmosphere Geology • Template for download

  23. 2D to 3D: Data Collection Photogrammetric data collection direct into ArcGIS

  24. 2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints • Point clouds from aerial LiDAR … • … and from new sources like oblique imagery stereomatching LiDAR point cloud Geoprocessing to extrude footprints Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data, available at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/, and at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/.

  25. 3D model creation using rules / algorithms iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail 2D to 3D: Procedural modeling • Base geometry • Procedural rules Base geometry Iterative refinement Final 3D model

  26. 3D models: CityEngine – WebScene http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3dWebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7

  27. Analyze 3D routing Maximum visible building height Skyline analysis Volumetric Glare Volumetric Shadows Security camera coverage

  28. Share • WebGIS • Publish Virtual Cities as 3D services • KML Post to ArcGIS.com CityEngine Web Scenes Create screenshots Mobile 3D Export video animations

  29. Extending use of CadastreUrban planners / Emergency Response / Public safety • Rotterdam City of Portland • Masdar city • Singapore • Brisbane • Philadelphia • Sydney • Pasadena

  30. Other (non-technical) considerations • Legal • Institutional • Needs • Costs and benefits

  31. Conclusions • Today’s GIS technology allows us to: • Model the world in 3D • Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share 3D models • Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution • The bigger questions are: • What are the ‘real’ needs? • Are the costs justified by the benefits? • What changes are required to the legislation?

  32. For more information: • FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D Cadastre • http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/ • www.esri.com • Nick Land: nland@esri.com

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