1-Three Worlds Meet

1. 1-Three Worlds Meet “I was to go by way of the west, whence until today we do not know with certainty that anyone has gone…” Log of Christopher Columbus “This tactic, begun here…, spread throughout these Indies and will end when there is no more land nor people to subjugate and destroy in this part of the world. Bartolome De Las Casas “Tell me, by what right or justice do you hold these Indians in such a cruel and horrible servitude?…Are you not bound to love them as you love yourselves? Don’t you understand this? Don’t you feel this?” Fray Antonio de Montesinos “Within a few days after our departure from every such town, the people began to die very fast…in some towns about 20, in some towns 40,…The disease was so strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it.” European explorer “Long before they had heard the word Spaniard, Native Americans had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom.” Bartolome de las Casas, 1550

2. “What man who is poor or who has only his merit to advance his fortunes can desire more contentment than to walk over and plant land he has obtained by risking his life?” John Smith, The General History of Virginia “Thus we lived for the space of five months in this miserable distress… our men night and day groaning in every corner of the fort…” Jamestown colonist, A New World “You see that power now rests wholly with me,… You must now obey this law,.. He that will not work shall not eat.” John Smith, 1607 “sixtie men, women and children, most miserable and poore creatures; and those were preserved for the most part, by roots, herbes, acornes, walnuts, berries, now and then a little fish…yea, even the very skinnes of our horses.” John Smith, 1609 “This filthie noveltie…a custome loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmeful to the brains, and dangerous to the lungs.” King James of England “For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are on us.” John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity “Forced religion stinks in the nostrils of God” Roger Williams “the Holy Spirit illuminates the heart of every true believer.” Anne Hutchinson “You have rather been a Husband than a Wife, and a Preacher than a Hearer, and a Magistrate than a subject.” John Winthrop at Hutchinson’s trial “a dangerous instrument of the Devil, raised up by Satan amongst us…The misgovernment of this woman’s tongue has been a great cause of this disorder.” Puritan Minister, 1637 2-Colonization Begins

3. “Now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustices that has been too much exercised towards you…But I am not such a man…I have great love and regard toward you, and I desire to win and gain your love and friendship by a kind, just, and peaceable life…” William Penn “Let men be good. And the government cannot be bad; if it be ill, they will cure it.” William Penn “Forced religion stinks in the nostrils of God” Roger Williams “To prohibit a great people, from making all that they can of every part of their own produce,…is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.” Adam Smith, 1776 “any man whatever that is but willing to take…pains may be assured of a most comfortable subsistence[life], and…raise his fortunes far beyond what he could ever hope for in England.” Proprietors of Carolina 3-Colonies in America

4. We please ourselves with the prospect of exporting in a few years a good quantity from hence and supplying our mother country with a manufacture for which she has so great a demand…” Eliza Pinckney from South Carolina “A colonist cannot make a button, a horseshoe, nor a hobnail, but some snooty ironmonger or respectable buttonmaker of Britain shall bawl and squall that his honor’s worship is most egregiously maltreated, injured, cheated, and robbed by the rascally American republicans.” Boston Gazette, 1765 The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship….almost suffocated us…The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror.” Olaudah Equiano, 1755 “My wife and I had another scold about mending my shoes, but it was soon over by her submission.” William Byrd’s Diary from Virginia “Wives are part of the House and Family, and ought to be under a Husband’s Government; they should Obey their own Husbands.” Puritan clergyman “The God that holds you over the pit of Hell,…abhors you… his wrath towards you burns like fire… and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment.” Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hans of an Angry God” 4-Colonial Life

5. “The French have built so many forts that the British settlements almost seem surrounded.” Alexander Spotswood, Virginia, 1718 What will future generations think of us? The trade of the whole continent is taxed by Parliament. Stamps and other internal duties and taxes are discussed. But there is not one petition to the king and Parliament urging the ending of these injustices……James Otis, 1764 The British government in all future generations may be sure that the American colonies will never try to leave Britain’s rule unless driven to it as the last desperate action against oppression. It will be an oppression that will make the wisest person mad and the weakest person strong…James Otis, 1764 “We the Daughters of the Patriots who have and do appear for the public interest…do with pleasure engage with them in denying ourselves the drinking of foreign tea, in hopes to frustrate a plan that tends to deprive the whole community of…all that is valuable in life.” Group of Boston women “That the only representatives of the people of these colonies, are persons chosen therein by themselves, and that no taxes ever have been, or can be constitutionally imposed on them, but by their respective legislatures.” Resolution of the Stamp Act Congress 5-Beginnings of the Rebellion

6. “among the natural rights of the colonists are these: first, a right to life; second, to liberty; third, to property; together with the right to support and to defend them in the best manner they can.” Samuel Adams “In about three hours…we had thus broken and thrown overboard every tea chest to be found in the ship, while those in the other ships were disposing of the tea in the same way.” George Hewes, 1773 “We are informed that you have unwisely taken charge of a quantity of tea which has been sent out by the East India Company as a trial of American virtue and resolution. Now, your cargo, on your arrival here, will most assuredly bring you into hot water.” Letter to a Ship Captain “I find that ‘Common Sense’ is working a powerful change in the minds of many men” George Washington, April 1776 “All the hills on each side of us were covered with rebels…so that they kept the road always lined and a very hot fire on us without intermission…” British Soldier, April 1775 “If we wish to be free—if we mean to preserve those privileges for which we have been fighting so long—if we do not mean to abandon the noble struggle in which we have so long been engaged—we must fight! I repeat it, we must fight! An appeal to weapons and to God is all that is left us.” Patrick Henry “Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!” Patrick Henry “Filled with sentiments of duty to your majesty… we present this petition only to obtain redress of grievances and relief from fears and jealousies occasioned by the system of statutes and regulations, adopted since the close of the late war.” Letter to King George from the Congress “The sun never shone on a cause of greater worth” Thomas Paine “Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ‘Tis time to part.” Thomas Paine “The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries—it is time to be reconciled. It is high time that those who are connected by the ties of religion, kinship, and country, should resume their former friendship and be united in the bond of mutual affection” Charles Inglis, Loyalist “these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent States.” Richard Henry Lee, June 7, 1776 “all men are created equal…” Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence “certain unalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence “We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our Sacred Honor.” Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence “When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation” Declaration of Independence “That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it” Declaration of Independence 6-American Revolution Begins

7. “These are the times which try men’s souls.” Thomas Paine, “Crisis” “To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets to lay on, without shoes….marching through frost and snow…and submitting to it without a murmur, is a mark of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarcely be paralleled.” George Washington at Valley Forge “The moment I knew she (America) was fighting for freedom, I burnt with the desire of bleeding for her.” Marquis de Lafayette “Thousands were without blankets, and were obliged to warm themselves over fires all night…It was not uncommon to track the march of the men over ice and frozen ground by the blood from their naked feet.” Colonial Soldier, 1777 “The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.” Thomas Paine “What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly” Thomas Paine 7-Revolutionary War

8. “The consequences of…inefficient government are too obvious to be dwelt upon. Thirteen sovereignties pulling against each other, and all tugging at the federal head, will soon bring ruin upon the whole…” George Washington “The more experience I acquire, the stronger is my conviction that unlimited power can not be safely trusted to any man or set of men on earth…Power of all kinds has an irresistible propensity to increase a desire for itself.” North Carolina Citizen “Whenever any state shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such state shall be admitted…into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever.” Northwest Ordinance, 1787 “In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote. …” Articles of Confederation “The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor …..unless nine States assent to the same…” Articles of Confederation “It was natural that a people so enthusiastic for liberty should grant their Congress only a shadow of dignity and watch its proceedings carefully” Foreign Traveler “You are not to inquire how your trade will be increased… but how your liberties can be secured.” Patrick Henry on the Constitution debate “They… divided the powers, that each might be a check upon the other and I presume that every reasonable man will agree to it.” Alexander Hamilton “I will now tell you what I do not like. First, the omission of a bill of rights…Let me add, that a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth…and what no government should refuse.” Thomas Jefferson “I think all the good of this new Constitution might have been couched in three or four new Articles, to be added to the good, old, and venerable fabric. “Tis really astonishing that the same people, who have just emerged from along and cruel war in defense of liberty, should now agree to fix an elective despotism upon themselves and their posterity.” Richard Henry Lee “The Constitution is said to have beautiful features; but when I come to examine these features, Sir, they appear to me horridly frightful:…Where are the checks in this government?” Patrick Henry “I agree to this Constitution, with all its faults, if they are such, because I think a general government is necessary for us. I doubt, too, whether any other convention would be able to make a better constitution.” Ben Franklin 8-Articles of Confederation / Constitutional Convention

9. “The Constitution was not made to fit us like a straightjacket. In its elasticity lies its chief greatness.” Woodrow Wilson “It appears to me, then, little short of a miracle that the delegates from so many states…should unite informing a system of national government.” George Washington “It astonishes me to find this system approaching to near perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies.” Benjamin Franklin “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself” James Madison, Federalist #51 “I will now tell you what I do not like. First, the omission of a bill of rights…Let me add, that a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth…and what no government should refuse.” Thomas Jefferson “If I shall be in the minority, I shall have those powerful sensations which arise from a conviction of being overpowered in a good cause. Yet I will be a peaceful citizen. My head, my hand, and my heart, shall be at liberty to…remove the defects of that system in a constitutional way.” Patrick Henry 9-Constitution / Bill of Rights

10. “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.” James Madison “He smote the rock of the natural resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth. He touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprung upon its feet.” Daniel Webster “I am …bringing the voice of the people and a good name of my own on this voyage; but what returns will be made of them, Heaven alone can foretell.” George Washington “A National debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing; it will be a powerful cement of our new nation. It will also create a necessity for keeping up taxation…which without being oppressive will be a spur to industry…” Alexander Hamilton “Necessary often means no more than needful, useful, or helpful to. And this is the true sense in which it is to be understood as used in the Constitution. It was the intent of the Convention to give a liberal latitude to the exercise of the specified powers.” Alexander Hamilton “The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible” George Washington “As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible” George Washington “Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all.” George Washington 10-Washington

11. “Millions for defense, but not one dime for tribute.” Popular slogan in 1798 “I will never send another minister to France without assurances that he will be received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful, and independent nation.” President John Adams, 1798 “The reign of Mr. Adams has, hitherto, been one continued tempest of malignant passions. As President he has never opened his lips, or lifted his pen, without threatening and scolding…to destroy every man who differs from his opinions.” James Callender, 1800 “That if any person shall write, print, utter or publish… any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States…shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years…Sedition Act, 1798 11-Federalist Era-Adams

12. “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle,…We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” Thomas Jefferson’s 1st Inaugural “The Great Spirit gave this land to his red children.” Tecumseh “Mr. President, if you know what is good for your future welfare you will take off the embargo that is now such a check upon American commerce…” New England merchant, 1808 “White people…have driven us from the great salt water, forced us over the mountains, and would shortly push us into the lakes. But we are determined to go no farther. The only way to stop this evil is for all red men to unite.” Tecumseh “It has paralyzed industry…Our fertile lands are reduced to sterility. It will drive our seamen into foreign employ, and our fisherman to foreign sandbanks…It has dried up our revenue.” Philip Key, Congressmen 12-Jeffersonian Era

13. “We had a battle…and I am still within sound of the cannon!…May God protect us! A wagon has been procured, and I have had it filled with…the most valuable portable articles…” Dolly Madison, 1814 “I prefer the troubled sea of war, demanded by the honor and independence of this country, with all its calamities and desolation, to…peace.” Henry Clay “The Missouri question…is the most portentous one which ever yet threatened our Union. In the gloomiest moment of the Revolutionary War I never had any apprehensions equal to what I feel from this source.” Thomas Jefferson “I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble- a title page to a great, tragic volume.” John Quincy Adams “the American continents,… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . .” James Monroe “The war had renewed and reinstated the National feelings and character, which the Revolution had given…The people…are more American: they feel and act more as a nation.” Albert Gallatin, U.S. Minister to France 13-Early 1800’s Politics

14. “I am here, among strangers- a factory girl-yes, a factory girl; that name which is thought so degrading by many, though, in truth I see nor feel its degradation.” Lowell Mill worker, 1845 “For liberty our fathers fought, Which with their blood, they dearly bought. The factory system sets at naught. A slave at morn, a slave at eve, It doth my innermost feelings grieve; The blood runs chilly from my heart, To see fair Liberty depart.” Poet Thomas Man “One of my objects is to form the tools so the tools themselves shall fashion the work and give to every part its just proportion- which…will give expedition, uniformity, and exactness to the whole.” Eli Whitney “will create the greatest inland trade ever witnessed… All their surplus…will concentrate in the city of New York.” NY Governor Dewitt Clinton, 1817 “The circulation of steamboats is as necessary to the West, as that of the blood is to the human system.” European traveler, 1830’s “It is the Devil’s own invention, compounded of fire, smoke, soot, and dirt, spreading its infernal poison throughout the countryside.” 14-Sectional Differences

15. “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable” Daniel Webster on the Nullification Crisis, 1830 “Disunion by armed force is treason.” President Andrew Jackson “ It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people.” Andrew Jackson, 1829 “It is rumored and believed by everybody here that Mr. Clay will be made Secretary of State…What a farce! That Mr. Adams should swear to support the Constitution…which he purchased from Representatives…and which he must distribute among them as rewards for the iniquity.” Andrew Donelson “The Union-next to our Liberty, most dear” John C. Calhoun “How many thousands of our own people would gladly embrace the opportunity of removing to the West on such conditions! If the offers made to the Indians were extended to them, they would be hailed with gratitude and joy.” Andrew Jackson “It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites…; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions;…to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community…” Andrew Jackson “Our federal Union, it must be preserved.” Andrew Jackson 15-Age of Jackson

16. “What is a man born for but to be a reformer, a remaker of what man has made; a renouncer of lies; a restorer of truth and good…” Ralph Waldo Emerson “…that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours…” Henry David Thoreau “Walden” “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens…if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction, as others have gone before it.” Horace Mann, 1837 “We are natives of this country. We only ask that we be treated as well as foreigners.” Black Pastor from New York “The man who would not fight…ought to be kept with all his children or family, in slavery or in chains to be butchered by his cruel enemies.” David Walker, 1829 “I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience” Dorothea Dix “An educated people is always a more industrious and productive people. Intelligence is a primary ingredient in the wealth of nations. …” Horace Mann “Unjust laws exist: shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?” Henry David Thoreau “The white man’s happiness cannot be purchased by the black man’s misery…All distinctions founded on complexion ought to be…abolished, and every right, privilege, and immunity, now enjoyed by the white man, ought to be as freely granted to the man of color.” Frederick Douglas, North Star 16-Era of Reform

17. “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Seneca Falls Declaration “There is no reform in which women can act better or more appropriately than temperance…Oh! The misery, the utter, hopeless misery of the drunkard’s wife!” Mary Vaughn “…but I believe they will find that woman as their equal is unquestionably more valuable than woman as their inferior both as a moral and intellectual being.” Sarah Grimke “Every morning the bells pealed forth the same clangor, and every night brought the same fatigue. But Susan felt, as all factory girls feel, that she could bear it for a while…Money is their object- not for itself, but for what it can perform…” F.G.A. Lowell Offering, 1841 “I regard my workpeople just as I regard my machinery.” Textile Mill Manager, 1840’s “If persecution is the means which God has ordained for the accomplishment of this great end; then…Let It Come; for it is my deep, solemn, deliberate conviction, that this is a cause worth dying for.” Angelina Grimke “In education, in marriage, in religion, in everything, disappointment is the lot of the woman. It shall be the business of my life to deepen this disappointment in every woman’s heart until she bows down to it no longer.” Lucy Stone America is a country in which fortunes have yet to be made…All cannot be made wealthy, but all have a chance of securing a prize. This stimulates to the race, and hence the eagerness of the competition. Alexander MacKay, The Western World “If one could stop when one wanted, and if one were not locked up in a box with 50 or 60 tobacco-chewers;…and the smell of the smoke, of the oil, and of the chimney did not poison one…it would be the perfection of traveling.” Samuel Beck, American Railroads 17-Mid-1800’s Reform

18. “Why should we weep to sail in search of fortune? Cheer for the west, the new and happy land.” Ignatius Donnelly “We womenfolk visited from wagon to wagon…ever westward, and talking over our home life back in the ‘states’; telling of the loved ones left behind; voicing our hopes for the future…” Catherine Haun, Frontier Women “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” Popular Slogan in 1844 Presidential Election “Texas needs peace, and alocal government; its inhabitants are farmers, and they need a calm and quiet life…But my efforts to serve Texas involved me in the labyrinth of Mexican politics…Can this state of things exist without precipitating the country into war? I think it cannot.” Stephen Austin, Lone Star: A History of Texas “Remember the Alamo” “You have no idea what a horrible sight a field of battle is.” Robert E. Lee, 1846 “The lives of Mexicans are sacrificed in this cause.” Charles Sumner, Mass. Senator “The department of Texas is contiguous to the most avid nation in the world…They incite uprising in the territory in question.” General Manuel Teran, Mexico “I shall never surrender or retreat…I call on you in the name of liberty, of patriotism and everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid…” Alamo Leader William Travis “That this journey is … perilous, the deaths of many will testify… and often as I passed the freshly made graves, I have glanced at the side boards of the wagon, not knowing how soon it might serve as the coffin for some one of us.” Lodisa Frizzel “…Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil…War exists.” President James K. Polk, 1846 18-Manifest Destiny

19. Can we as a nation continue together permanently-forever-half slave and half free?” Abraham Lincoln “I tell you, the prospect ahead is dark, cloudy, thick, and gloomy.” Alexander Stephens, The Coming of the Civil War “There’s two things I got a right to and these are Death and Liberty. One or the other I mean to have.” Harriet Tubman “. Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim it, - and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions” John C. Calhoun “That any person who shall knowingly and   willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or  attorney…from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor… be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and  imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction  …” Fugitive Slave Law 19-Long Term Causes of the Civil War

20. “If the people of Kansas want a slaveholding state, let them have it, and if they want a free state they have a right to it, and it is not for the people of Illinois, or Missouri, or New York, or Kentucky, to complain, whatever the decision of the people of Kansas may be.” Stephen Douglas, The Civil War by Geoffrey Ward “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Abraham Lincoln, 1858 “Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere, unless its supported by local police regulations.” Stephen Douglas “The time for compromise has now passed.” Jefferson Davis “This country will be drenched in blood…The people of the North are not going to let the country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it…Only in spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared.” William Tecumseh Sherman “Gentlemen of the slave states,…We will engage in competition for the virgin soil of Kansas, and God give the victory to the side which is …right.” NY Senator Seward “This atrocious decision furnishes final confirmation of the already well-known fact that, under the Constitution and government of the U.S., the colored people are nothing and can be nothing but an alien, disenfranchised, and degraded class.” Robert Purvis “It matters not what way the Supreme Court may…decide; the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please….If the people are opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives…who will by unfriendly legislation effectually prevent the introduction of it into their midst…” Stephen Douglas, Freeport Doctrine, 1858 “The history of the …Republican party of the North is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of absolute tyranny over the slaveholding states…The South has compromised until she can compromise no farther.” New Orleans Newspaper Editorial “I have, may it please the Court, a few words to say. In the first place, I deny everything but what I have all along admitted, of a design on my part to free slaves” John Brown 20-Immediate Causes of the Civil War

21. “What ever may be the result of the contest, I foresee that the country will have to pass through a terrible ordeal…for our national sins.” Robert E. Lee “"I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so” Abraham Lincoln, 1861 “My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it…” Abraham Lincoln “All persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and forever free…” Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.” Frederick Douglas 21-Behind the Civil War

22. “no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.” General Ulysses S. Grant “Your hesitation to move upon an intrenched enemy is…repeated…But you must act.” President Abraham Lincoln “More than half a mile their front extends…man touching man, rank pressing rank…the arms of thousands of men, barrel and bayonet…magnificent, grim, irresistible.” Union Officer Frank Haskell, July 3rd 1863 “About three miles from Sparta we struck the ‘burnt country’…The fields were trampled down and the road was lined with carcasses of horses, hogs, and cattle that the invaders, unable to consume or to carry away with them, had wantonly shot down, to starve the people and prevent them from making their crops…” Georgia resident Eliza Andrews “Well, it is over now. The battle is lost, and many of us are prisoners, many are dead, many wounded, bleeding, and dying. Your soldier lives and mourns. If it were not for you, my darling, he would rather…be back there with his dead, to sleep for all time in an unknown grave.” George Pickett, July 1863 22-Civil War

23. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” 13th Amendment to the Constitution “I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom” President Lincoln “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds” President Lincoln, 1865 23-Legacy of the War

24. “Nothing in all history equaled this wonderful, quiet, sudden transformation of four million human beings from…the auction block to the ballot box.” William Lloyd Garrison “With malice toward none, with charity for all…let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” Abraham Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural “I say, as to the leaders, punishment. I say leniency, conciliation, and amnesty to the thousands whom they have misled and deceived.” Andrew Johnson “We are not prepared for this suffrage. But we can learn. Give a man tools and let him use them and in time he will learn a trade. So it is with voting. We may not understand it at the start, but in time we shall learn to do our duty.” William Nash “We have turned, or are about to turn, loose four million slaves without a hut to shelter them or a cent in their pockets. ... This Congress is bound to provide for them until they can take care of themselves. If we do not furnish them with homesteads, and hedge them around with protective laws; if we leave them to the legislation of their late masters, we had better have left them in bondage.” Thaddeus Stevens 24-Reconstruction after the Civil War

25. “I came to Virginia one year ago….Erected a school, organized and named the Freedman’s Chapel School…have about 60 who have been for several months engaged in the study of arithmetic, writing, etc…their progress has been surprisingly rapid.” Robert Fitzgerald from Delaware, 1867 “Many of the grown people are desirous of learning to read. It is wonderful how a people who have been so long crushed to the earth…can have so great a desire for knowledge.” Charlotte Forten “For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them.” Houston Holloway 25-Reconstruction-End of Slavery

26. “We have built up your country. We have worked in your fields, and garnered your harvests, for two hundred and fifty years! Do we ask you for compensation….? We are willing to let the dead past bury its dead; but we ask you now for our rights.” Black Georgia Representative Henry Turner, 1868 “The Klan broke down my door, took me out of bed, took me to the woods and whipped me for thee hours or more and left me for dead.” Abram Colby, Georgia “The new South presents a perfect democracy…a hundred farms for every plantation…and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age.” Atlanta Journalist Henry Grady, 1896 “We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding nightly over the country….spreading terror wherever they go….we pray that you will take some steps to remedy these evils.” Report to Congress 26-Reconstruction Ends

27. “My people have always been the friend of white men. Why are you in such a hurry?” Chief Joseph, 1877 “We have been taught to hunt and live on the game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kil your cattle, and take your houses and land, what would you do? Would you not fight them?” Sioux warrior Gall “It makes little difference…where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stains.” Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor “kill the Indian and save the man” Richard Pratt of the Carlisle School “Wherever the whites are established, the buffalo is gone, and the red hunter must die of hunger.” Sioux Chief “. Hear me, my chiefs, my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more against the white man” Chief Joseph “There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers” Helen Hunt Jackson “I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream.” Black Elk “The history of the Government connections with the Indians is a shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled promises.” Helen Hunt Jackson 27-Plains Indians

28. “I would put in the fall and winter telling about the big things I had seen up north. The next spring I would have the same old trip, the same old things would happen in the same old way…I put in 18 or 20 years on the trail, and all I had in the final outcome was the high heeled boots, the striped pants, and about $4.80 worth of other clothes.” G.D. Burrows, cowboy We went back to look for him, and we found him…horse and man mashed into the ground as flat as a pancake….We tried to think that lightning hit him, and that was what we wrote his folks..but we couldn’t believe it ourselves. I’m afraid it wasn’t the lightning. I’m afraid.. They both went down before the stampede.” Teddy Abbott, cowboy 28-Ranching and Mining

29. “I think…it took more to live twenty-four hours at a time, month in and out, on the lonely and lovely prairie, without giving up to loneliness.” Esther Clark Hill, Kansas “Now…the frontier has gone and with its going has closed the first period of American history.” Frederick Jackson Turner “No other system of taxation has borne as heavily on the people as those extortions and inequalities of railroad charges” Henry Demarest Lloyd, 1881 Atlantic Monthly 29-Life on the Plains

30. “What you farmers need to do is raise less corn and more hell!” Mary Elizabeth Lease “We reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country…” William Jennings Bryan, Democratic Convention Speech, 1896 “Having behind us the producing mass of this nation…we answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify man upon a cross of Gold.” William Jennings Bryan, Democratic Convention Speech, 1896 “We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the ... ratio of sixteen to one” Omaha Platform, 1892 “That we oppose any subsidy or national aid to any private corporation for any purpose” Omaha Platform, 1892 “There are three great crops raised in Nebraska. One is a crop of corn, one is a crop of freight rates, and one is a crop of interest. One is produced by farmers who sweat and toil the land. The other two are produced by men who sit in their offices…and farm the farmers.” Nebraska Newspaper Editorial “We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads” Omaha Platform, 1892 30-Farmers and the Populists

31. In their delirium of greed the managers of our transportation systems disregard both private and public welfare.” James Weaver, Populist Candidate, 1892 “The public be damned” Vanderbilt “We sat and looked and the lamp continued to burn and the longer it burned the more fascinated we were.” Thomas Edison “At one time we were using at least ten thousand animals, and most of the time from eight to ten thousand laborers…” Grenville Dodge “The trains pulled up facing each other, each crowded with workmen…Prayer was offered; a number of spikes were driven…and thus the two roads were welded into one great trunk line from the Atlantic to the Pacific.” Grenville Dodge, 1869 31-Industrial Development

32. “The man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was his to administer during life, will pass away “unwept, unhonored, and unsung’…Of such as these the public verdict will then be:’The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.” Andrew Carnegie, 1889 “The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few…and the possessors of these, in turn, despise the republic and endanger liberty.” Populist Platform, 1892 I can think of nothing less pleasurable than a life devoted to pleasure. John D. Rockefeller "I would rather earn 1% off a 100 people's efforts than 100% of my own efforts.“ John D. Rockefeller "God gave me my money. I believe the power to make money is a gift from God . to be developed and used to the best of our ability for the good of mankind. Having been endowed with the gift I possess, I believe it is my duty to make money and still more money and to use the money I make for the good of my fellow man according to the dictates of my conscience.“ The only question with wealth is, what do you do with it? John D. Rockefeller Charity is injurious unless it helps the recipient to become independent of it. John D. Rockefeller Competition is a sin. John D. Rockefeller Next to doing the right thing, the most important thing is to let people know you are doing the right thing. John D. Rockefeller There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Andrew Carnegie Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community. Andrew Carnegie And while the law of competition may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the fittest in every department. Andrew Carnegie The public be damned. William Henry Vanderbilt 32-Growth of Big Business

33. “…I can never get a day’s work under that company or any other around here, for…I’ll be blacklisted. Then what will my wife and my babies do?” American Worker “The militant, not the meek, shall inherit the earth.” Mother Jones “When I was younger, girls learned full trades, now they do not- one stitch seams, another makes buttonholes, and another sews on the buttons. Once girls learned to do all these things…Now you see then in those shops, seated in long rows, crowded together in a hot, close atmosphere…working at 20 and 25 cents a day.” Aurora Phelps “For more than twenty years have the wage workers of this country begged and prayed their masters, the factory lords, to reduce their burdens. It has been in vain.” August Spies at Haymarket Square “The bulk of the sweater’s work in done in the tenements, which the law that regulates factory labor does not reach…” Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives “Show me the country in which there is no strikes, and I will show you the country in which there is no liberty.” Samuel Gompers “The mill itself was hell: A roar of a hundred lions, a thunder as of cannons…jarring clang of falling iron, burst of fluttering flakes of fire, scream of terrible saws, shifting of mighty trucks with hiss of steam.” Hamlin Garland on a steel mill, McClure’s Magazine “They have grown rich and powerful on your labor. They amass stupendous fortunes, while you, who bring them into existence, are suffering from want. In answer to your pleadings they ask for the bodies of your little children, to utilize them in their gold mints, to make dollars out of them!” August Spies, Haymarket Square can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half. Jay Gould 33-Workers Unite

34. We cannot all live in the city, yet nearly all seem determined to do so.” Horace Greeley “America…We were so near it seemed too much to believe. Everyone stood silent- like in prayer…Then we were entering the harbor. The land came so near we could almost reach out and touch it..everyone was holding their breath…” Rosa Cavalleri, Italian immigrant “There she lies, the great Melting Pot” Israel Zangwill, British author “I looked about the narrow streets…ragged clothes, dirty bedding oozing out of the windows, ashcans and garbage cans cluttering the sidewalks. A vague sadness pressed down on my heart-the first doubt of America.” Anzia Yezierska, Russian Immigrant “Presently she established a kindergarten, a gymnasium, evening classes, clubs for young people and clubs for old people, and a day nursery where workingwomen might leave their children. As her work advanced she experienced the need of more room and several buildings were added to the original brick Hull House” Ray Baker “"one half of the world does not know how the other half lives." That was true then. It did not know because it did not care. The half that was on top cared little for the struggles, and less for the fate of those who were underneath, so long as it was able to hold them there” Jacob Riis “Suppose we look into a tenement on Cherry Street…Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny helpless cry…The child is dying of measles. With half a chance it might have lived. But it had none. That dark bedroom killed it.” Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives 34-Urban Experience

35. “I’ve been called a boss. All there is to it is having friends, doing things for people, and then later on they’ll do things for you…I never coerced anybody in my life.” James Pendergast, Missouri “I don’t care what the papers write about me-my constituents can’t read- but… they can see pictures.” William “Boss” Tweed, NY “Assassination can no more be guarded against than death by lightning.” James Garfield “He (Cleveland) asked what big question he ought to take up when he got into the White House. I told him…the tariff.” Carl Schurz 35-The Gilded Age

36. “The Hawaiian pear is now ripe, and this is the golden hour…to pluck it.” John Stevens, US Ambassador “Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours…We will establish trading-posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products.” Senator Albert Beveridge “No man’s life, no man’s property is safe in Cuba…Cuba will soon be a wilderness of blackened ruin…Is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?” James Creelman for New York World, 1896 “Libre Cuba” Popular Cuban slogan “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.” William Randolph Hearst to illustrator Frederick Remington in Cuba “Remember the Maine” “A splendid little war” Secretary of State John Hay “there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos and uplift and Christianize them.” President William McKinley 36-Imperialism Begins

37. “The exports of the U.S. this year (1898) are greater than those of any other nation in the world….The fact that the U.S. has none (colonies) does not prevent her products and manufactures from invading…all parts of the world” Andrew Carnegi “safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.” Secretary of State John Hay “It is not necessary to own people to trade with them.” William Jennings Bryan “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” Theodore Roosevelt 37-World Power

38. “They hits ye if yer don’t learn, and they hits ye if ye whisper, and they hits ye if ye have string in yer pocket, and they hits ye if ye seat sqeaks, and they hits ye if ye don’t stan’ up in time, and they hits ye if ye late, and they hits ye if ye forget the page.” Young student in school in Chicago “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, and eight hours for what we will.” Popular Union Slogan “I think bicycling has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. It gives women a freedom and self-reliance.” Susan B. Anthony, 1880’s “The Greatest Show on Earth” P.T. Barnum 38-Turn of the Century Life

39. “We are Americans, not only by birth and by citizenship, but by our political ideas…and the greatest of those ideals is that all men are created equal.” W.E.B. DuBois “No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” Booker T. Washington “opened my eyes to what lynching really was. An excuse to get rid of Negroes who were acquiring wealth and property and thus keep the race terrorized.” Ida B. Wells “In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Compromise, 1895 “In the eyes of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.” John Marshall Harlan, Supreme Court Justice, 1896 “Nothing else so soon brings about right relations between the two races in the South as the industrial progress of the negro. Friction between the races will pass away in proportion as the black man, by reason of his skill, intelligence, and character, can produce something that the white man wants or respects in the commercial world.” Booker T. Washington “The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth” W.E.B. DuBois “We do not believe in violence, neither in the despised violence of the raid nor the lauded violence of the soldier, nor the barbarous violence of the mob, but we do believe in John Brown, in that incarnate spirit of justice, that hatred of a lie, that willingness to sacrifice money, reputation, and life itself on the altar of right.” Niagara Convention 39-Discrimination

40. “Competition was natural enough at one time, but do you think you are competing today? Many of you think you are competing. Against whom? Against Rockefeller? About as I would if I had a wheelbarrow and competed aginst the Santa Fe from here to Kansas City.” Eugene V. Debs “Mr. Rockefeller has systematically played with loaded dice, and it is doubtful if there has been a time since 1872 when he has run a race with a competitor and started fair.” Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil “The term Progressive…suggests certain ideas of government….Governments were established among men to protect the weak from the strong…A Progressive…suggests governmental action to prevent…further abuse.” Progressive Writer “Insanitary housing, poisonous sewage, contaminated water, infant mortality, the spread of contagion…dangerous occupations, juvenile crime, unwholesome crowding…are the enemies which the modern city must face and overcome would it survive.” Jane Addams 40-Progressives

41. “There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had spit countless billions of consumption(tuberculosis) germs.” Upton Sinclair, The Jungle “DO YOU KNOW one single sound, logical reason why the intelligence and individuality of women should not entitle them to the rights and privileges of self-government?” Carrie Chatman Catt “There were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit.” Upton Sinclair, The Jungle “The life of men and women is so cheap and property is so sacred. There are so many of us for one job it matters little if 143 of us are burned to death.” Rose Schneiderman 41-Progressive Reforms

42. “In life, as in a football game, the principle to follow is: Hit the line hard.” Theodore Roosevelt “It is the duty of the President to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and…to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it.” Theodore Roosevelt “The man who advocates destroying the trusts by measures which would paralyze the industries of the country is at least a quack, and at worst an enemy of the Republic.” Theodore Roosevelt “We recognize and are bound to war against the evils of today.” Theodore Roosevelt “Thousands of … over civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home.” John Muir “In the interest of the public, the Government should have the right to inspect and examine the workings of the great corporations engaged in interstate business…The first requisite is knowledge, full and complete-knowledge which may be public to the world….” Theodore Roosevelt These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, lift them to the Almighty Dollar. John Muir (1912) 42-Roosevelt as a Progressive

43. “The American people have evidently made up their minds that our natural resources must be conserved. That is good, but it settles only half the question. For whose benefit shall they be conserved- for the benefit of the many, or for the use and profit of the few?” Gifford Pinchot “I have no doubt that when you return you will find me very much under suspicion…I have not the prestige which you had…and so I fear that a large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen away from your ideals…” Letter written by William H. Taft “I don’t like politics…I don’t like the limelight.” William Howard Taft “Washington was a dead town. Its leader was gone, and in his place was a man whose fundamental desire was to keep out of trouble.” Gifford Pinchot 43-Progressive Politics and the Election of 1912

44. “I believe in democracy because it releases the energies of every human being.” Woodrow Wilson “There has been a change of government…Nowhere else in the world have noble men and women exhibited in more striking forms the beauty and the energy of sympathy and helpfulness and counsel in their efforts to rectify wrong, alleviate suffering, and set the weak in the way of strength and hope.” Woodrow Wilson’s 1st Inaugural “Freedom today is something more than being let alone. Without the watchful…resolute interference of the government, there can be no fair play between individuals and such powerful institutions as the trust.” Woodrow Wilson “How long must women wait for liberty?” Picket Sign “Have you a ‘new freedom’ for white Americans and a new slavery for your “Afro-American fellow citizens.’ God forbid!” William Trotter, 1914 “We have made up our minds to square every process of our national life again with the standards we so proudly set up at the beginning and have always carried at our hearts. Our work is a work of restoration.” Woodrow Wilson’s 1st Inaugural “There is no chance of progress and reform in an administration in which war plays the principle part.” Woodrow Wilson “Control of the system of banking…which our new laws are to set up must be public, not private, and must be vested in the Government itself, so that the banks may be the instruments, not the masters, of business…” Woodrow Wilson 44-Wilson’s New Freedom

45. “The world must be made safe for democracy.” Woodrow Wilson “We are a composite and cosmopolitan people. We are of the blood of all the nations that are at war.” Wilson’s 2nd Inaugural “We intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare…We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the U.S. neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance…” Arthur Zimmerman, 1917 German Foreign Secretary “Hospital trains brought them filthy, hungry, exhausted to us. Many of them had their faces blown away; pus flowed down their chests…Hideous mutilation was the rule, not the exception.” WW I Nurse Katrina Herzer “We desire neither conquest nor advantage. We wish nothing that can be had only at the cost of another people. We always professed unselfish purpose and we covet the opportunity to prove our professions are sincere…” Wilson’s 2nd Inaugural 45-World War I

46. “The present war must first be ended; but we owe it to candor and to a just regard for the opinion of mankind to say that, so far as our participation in guarantees of future peace is concerned, it makes a great deal of difference in what way and upon what terms it is ended.” President Wilson “Work or Fight” National War Labor Board “It is not an army we must train for war, it is a nation.” President Woodrow Wilson “Whoever, when the United States is at war…shall willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States…shall be punished…” Congressional Act, 1918 “it is extremely dangerous to exercise the constitutional right of free speech in a country fighting to make democracy safe in the world.” Eugene V. Debs “Once lead this people into war and they’ll forget there ever was such a thing as tolerance…Conformity would be the only virtue, and every man who refused to conform would have to pay the penalty.” President Woodrow Wilson “Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close ranks shoulder to shoulder with our own white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy.” W.E.B. DuBois 46-United States in WW I

47. “That evil thing with the holy name.” Henry Cabot Lodge “This is not a time for tactics. It is a time to stand square. I can stand defeat; I cannot stand retreat from conscientious duty.” President Woodrow Wilson “What is the result of this Treaty of Versailles?…We have surrendered, once and for all, the great policy of no entangling alliances upon which the strength of this republic has been based for 150 years.” Senator William Borah “A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” Woodrow Wilson “If we do not end wars, we are unfaithful to the loving hearts who suffered in this war…The League of Nations is the only thing that can prevent another dreadful catastrophe and fulfill our promises.” Woodrow Wilson 47-Fight for Peace

48. “The business of America is business.” President Calvin Coolidge “The blaze of revolution was sweeping over every American institution…crawling into the sacred corners of American homes,…burning up the foundations of American society.” A. Mitchell Palmer “In all my life I have never stole, never killed, never spilled blood….We were tried during a time…when there was hysteria of resentment and hate against the people of our principles, against the foreigner..I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical” Bartolomeo Vanzetti before his execution “There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time.” Boston Mayor Calvin Coolidge “America’s present need is not heroics,…but normalcy” President Warren Harding “I can speak officially only for our United States. Our hundred millions frankly want less of armaments and none of war.” President Warren Harding at Washington Conferences 48-A Return to Normalcy

49. “From now on it will cost a man his job…to have the odor of beer, wine or liquor on his breath, or to have any of these intoxicants on his person or in his home. The Eighteenth Amendment is a part of the fundamental laws of this country.” Henry Ford, 1922 “If a minister believes and teaches evolution, he is a stinking skunk, a hypocrite, and a liar.” Evangelist Billy Sunday, 1925 “I will build a motor car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family but small enough for the individual to run and care for.” Henry Ford 49-Roaring 20’s

50. “I look forward to the day when transatlantic flying will be a regular thing.” Charles Lindbergh “Some said goodbye cheerfully…others fearfully….others in their eagerness said nothing. The daybreak found them gone. The wind said North.” Zora Neale Hurston “I, too, am America.” Langston Hughes 50-20’s Culture