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Overview of Chordates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds

Explore the characteristics and classifications of vertebrates within the Phylum Chordata, which possess essential features like a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord. This classification includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Discover the distinct features of fish, including their aquatic nature, gills, and varied feeding methods, as well as the unique life cycle of amphibians that connects water and land environments. Uncover the importance of these creatures in ecosystems, including their roles in food chains and human cultures.

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Overview of Chordates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds

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  1. Chapters: 3 Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds

  2. Phylum Chordata (Chordate) • All have backbone • Vertebrates – subphylum • Shared Characteristics: • Notochord • Dorsal nerve chord • Gill slits • Endoskeleton • Closed circulatory system

  3. 1. Notochord • Rod of cells above the central nervous system (CNS) • Most chordates have as embryos • Develops into backbone

  4. 2. Dorsal Nerve Cord • Becomes a brain and spinal chord • hollow

  5. 3. Gill Slits • In embryo stage • Disappear except in fish

  6. 4. Endoskeleton • Internal skeleton • Advantage – ability to grow without molting

  7. 5. Closed Circulatory System • 2, 3,4 Chambered hearts • Benefit – more oxygen • Blood contained in blood vessels

  8. 5b. Chambered hearts

  9. 6. Other characteristics of Chordates • Complex nervous system • Varied locomotion • Tail extends beyond anus • Gills or lungs

  10. Vertebrate Classes

  11. Fish • Fish characteristics: • Aquatic (fresh and Salt) • Paired fins for movement • Scales • Gills • Various feeding methods (herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders)

  12. Fish Digestion • Pathway of food: • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach (partially broken down) • Pyloric cecum – secrete digestive enzymes and absorption

  13. Fish Digestion continued • Food does not pass through • Liver – • Pancreas – • Both secrete chemicals to break down food

  14. Fish Circulation • Closed circulatory system • 2 chambered heart • Atrium – oxygen poor blood from body • Ventricle – pumps blood to gills

  15. Fish sense organs • Have a well-developed brain • Eyes – color vision • Strong sense of taste and smell • Lateral line – sense motion of other fish

  16. Groups of Fish • Group 1:Jawless Fish • examples- lampreys and hagfish • - simplest • - cartilage • - tubular • - sucker mouth • Nostrils – only one • Produce slime • 7 gills – not covered • parasites

  17. Group 2: Cartilaginous Fish • Examples: sharks and rays • - cartilage skeleton • Tooth-like scales on skin • - jaws with 1000’s of teeth • - acute senses of vision, smell, and vibrations • - breathes by swimming • - internal fertilization

  18. Skates and Rays • Bottom feeders • Filter feeders • Vacuum like mouths

  19. Group 3: Bony Fish • largest group of fish • - skeleton of bone • - swim bladder- maintains depth • - external fertilization (spawning)

  20. Importance of Fish • ecology of water • - food source (Fish are friends not food-Bruce-Finding Nemo) • - hobby and sport

  21. Amphibians “Double Life”

  22. Characteristics of Amphibians • Live in water when young and to reproduce • Live on land as adults • Breath through skin • No scales • Have lungs • External fertilities!

  23. Additional Amphibian Characteristics • Ectotherms – organisms whose body temp is controlled by the outside temp. (cold blooded) • Dormant in cold environments

  24. More amphibian characteristics • Amphibians are the link between land and water animals

  25. Groups of Amphibians • Frogs and Toads • Short, broad bodies • Sing to attract males • Sticky tongue to catch food • Acute vision • Hearing – tympanic membrane, • Powerful hind legs

  26. Toads • Found in dryer environments

  27. Life cycle of frogs and toads

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