1. Early Cinema Lecture 2

2. Basic Terms • Frame (2 senses) • Parameters of the image • One frame of a film strip • Still image • A photograph; each frame is a still image • Production still vs. frame enlargement • apparent motion and critical flicker fusion • 24 frames per second (current) vs. 16-20 frames per second (in early cinema) • Sprockets • gauge

4. Early Cinema 1895 Beginning of cinema • three precursors • Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)—multiple cameras to capture motion • Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)—invented chronophotography in the 1880s (recorded several phases of movement on one photographic surface) • Thomas Edison (inventor of the first kinetoscope1891) • Lumière brothers—responsible for the first public film screening in Paris on December 28th 1895 using the cinematograph (which functioned as a camera, projector, and printer—all in one)

5. Eadweard Muybridge

7. Muybridge Link to UC Riverside Museum • http://138.23.124.165/collections/permanent/object_genres/photographers/muybridge/

8. Étienne Jules Marey: graphic method

9. Étienne Jules Marey

10. Étienne Jules Marey: chronophotography

13. Muybridge’s projection device: the zoopraxiscope

15. The Kinetoscope

17. Kinetoscope parlor (circa 1894)

18. The Cinematographe (Lumière)

19. Cinematographe (cont.)

20. Formal innovations 1:From the single shots to multiple shots, from still camera to moving camera • Single shots • Actualities, direct address, “the fourth wall” • Ex: Lumière, Edison • Moving camera • The “phantom” ride films • Ex: Lumière: “Leaving Jerusalem”; • Multi-shot “phantom” ride • Ex: G.A. Smith: “The Kiss in the Tunnel”

21. Single shot: Lumière 1896

22. Single shot: Lumière 1896

23. Moving Camera: Phantom ridesLumière, 1896