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The Growth of European Nation States

The Growth of European Nation States. 1500s-1600s. Exploration and Colonization. Portuguese Henry the Navigator Diaz, da Gama, Cabral Southern Atlantic, Africa, India New Technologies Magnetic compass, astrolabe, new sails/vessels. Exploration and Colonization. Spanish Columbus

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The Growth of European Nation States

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  1. The Growth of European Nation States 1500s-1600s

  2. Exploration and Colonization • Portuguese • Henry the Navigator • Diaz, da Gama, Cabral • Southern Atlantic, Africa, India • New Technologies • Magnetic compass, astrolabe, new sails/vessels

  3. Exploration and Colonization • Spanish • Columbus • Magellan • Cortes - Aztecs • Pizarro – Incas • Gold and silver • Columbian Exchange

  4. Exploration and Colonization • Low Countries rebel against Philip II • 1556-1587 • Calvinist • Prosperous • Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)/United Provinces (Holland) • Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)

  5. Exploration and Colonization • Thirty Years’ War runs concurrently with this era • Austria gains Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania after defeating Suleiman the Magnificent

  6. Exploration and Colonization • Russia • Czars used influence with Mongols to consolidate power • Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584) • Limited the power of the boyars • Civil war after his death • Romanov dynasty established in 1613 • Peter the Great (r. 1696-1725) • Expanded power of the state • Modernized/Westernized • St. Petersberg

  7. Exploration and Colonization • Brandenburg • Gained independence as a result of a weakened Hapsburg dynasty • Hohenzollern dynasty • Frederick William (r. 1713-1740) • Autocratic rule • Junkers established autocratic rule in Prussia

  8. Absolutism in France • Francis I (r. 1515-1547) • Valois rival to HRE Charles V • Instituted taille (direct tax on land a property) • Concordat of Bologna • Effectively nationalized the French Church

  9. Absolutism in France • Henry II (r. 1547-1559) • Persecuted Huguenots • Continued under Francis II and Charles IX • Ended with Edict of Toleration • Catherine de Medici – regent

  10. Absolutism in France • Henry of Navarre • Huguenot • Converts and becomes Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) • Edict of Nantes • Religious freedom • Reformed tax collection system

  11. Absolutism in France • Regency of Louis XIII • Cardinal Richelieu • Centralized government • Encouraged commerce • Increased tax base • Intendant system • Officials answer only to the king • Diminished power of the nobility

  12. Absolutism in France • Regency of Louis XIV • Cardinal Mazarin • War of the Fronde (1650-1652) • Nobility sought to limit the power of the monarch • Louis comes of age • “L’Etat, c’estmoi.”

  13. Absolutism in France • Three Estates • Clergy (1%) • Nobility (3-4%) • Bourgeoisie, artisans, urban workers, peasants • Extravagance of Versailles • Captive nobility • Edict of Nantes revoked

  14. Constitutionalism in England • Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) • Tudor • Strong central government • Beholden to Parliament

  15. Constitutionalism in England • Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) • Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) • 10 years old, frail health • Regency • Book of Common Prayer

  16. Constitutionalism in England • Bloody Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) • Catholic, married to Philip II • Burned Protestants

  17. Constitutionalism in England • Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) • Reestablished the English Reformation • Privateers • Ordered execution of Mary Stuart • Expanded Navy • Sir Francis Drake • Defeated Spanish Armada • Golden Age of Literature • Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Marlowe, Bacon

  18. Constitutionalism in England • Stuart Dynasty (1603-1688) • James I (r. 1603-1625) • Absolutist • Gunpowder Plot • Addled Parliament (1614) • Parliament argued that taxes could only be raised with its consent • James dissolved it

  19. Constitutionalism in England • Charles I (r. 1625-1649) • Absolutist • Petition of Right (1628) • Bishops’ War (1639-1640) • Long Parliament (1640-1660) • Start of the English Civil War

  20. English Civil War • Roundheads • Middle class, merchants, major cities, small segment of nobility • Cavaliers • Anglican clergy, majority of the nobility, peasants

  21. English Civil War • 1643 • Roundheads ally with Scotland • Charles calls on Irish Catholics for help • 1644 • Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Battle of Marston Moor

  22. English Civil War • 1645 • Charles surrenders to Scots • 1647 • Charles turned over to Parliament • 1648 • Cromwell victorious • Rump Parliament • Charles beheaded

  23. English Civil War • 1649 • Commonwealth • Irish Question • 1653-1660 • Cromwell as Lord Protector • Dies in 1658 • Son can’t maintain power • Charles II restored

  24. Stuart Restoration • 1660-1688 • Cavalier Parliament (1660-1679) • Tories – nobles, gentry, Anglicans • Favored monarchy and Anglicanism • Whigs – middle class and Puritans • Favored Parliament and religious toleration • Whig Parliament • Suspicious of Charles II’s pro-Catholic tendencies • Passed Habeas Corpus Act

  25. Glorious Revolution • James II (r. 1685-1688) • Devout Catholic • Very unpopular • 1688 – nobles invited William of Orange, husband of James’ oldest daughter, Mary to take the throne • English Bill of Rights

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