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Econ 240 C

Econ 240 C. Lecture 11. Outline. Benchmark Forecasts Project One Post-Midterm Topics Distributed Lag Models: Lab 6 Distributed Lag Models: Lab 7 Appendix: Moving Averages. Benchmark Forecasts. “Naïve Forecasts” Time series is level: use mean

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Econ 240 C

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  1. Econ 240 C Lecture 11

  2. Outline • Benchmark Forecasts • Project One • Post-Midterm Topics • Distributed Lag Models: Lab 6 • Distributed Lag Models: Lab 7 • Appendix: Moving Averages

  3. Benchmark Forecasts • “Naïve Forecasts” • Time series is level: use mean • Time series is trended: use trend to forecast, e.g. Lab 2 • Time series is random walk: best forecast for next period is this period • ARMA model forecasts • Also uses the past to extrapolate the future

  4. Takehome One 2009

  5. Project One: 2008

  6. 3 month treasury bill rate

  7. 5 year Treasury

  8. A measure of the term structure

  9. Questions: Takehome One 1. You should try this so that you know at least one way of obtaining time series from FRED. If you have difficulty, an Excel file called Takeone, is available on the class page. 2. Generate a time series called term that is the difference between GS5 and TB3MS. 3. Is term stationary, i.e. are GS5 and TB3ms co-integrated? 4. Is term normally distributed? 5. Estimate your best autoregressive model for term. 6. Estimate your best ARMA model for term through April 2007 and see how well a forecast for this model fits the next 12 months. 7. Re-estimate your best model for term through April 2008 and forecast for the remaining months of 2008.

  10. Post-Midterm Topics • Distributed lag Models • Exponential smoothing • Intervention models • Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ARCH • Vector autoregression VAR

  11. Part I: Distributed Lag Models

  12. ? Output Y(t) Dynamic Relationship Input X(t)

  13. Distributed Lag • Y(t) = c0x(t) + c1x(t-1) + c2x(t-2) + … + resid(t) • Y(t) = c0 x(t) + c1 Z x(t) + c2 Z2 x(t) + … resid(t) • Y(t) = [c0 + c1 Z + c2 Z2 + …] x(t) + resid(t)

  14. Y(t) = C(Z) x(t) + resid(t)

  15. Resid(t) A(z)/B(z) Dynamic relationship + C(Z) Input X(t) + Output Y(t)

  16. Pre-midterm Resid(t) A(z)/B(z) Dynamic relationship + C(Z) Input X(t) + Output Y(t)

  17. Dynamic Model Building • Process • Identification of C(Z) • How many lags? • Which lags • Use cross-correlation function to answer specification of lags • Identification of resid(t) • Resid(t) captures part of y(t) • Use the univariate ARMA model for y(t) as a starting point for modeling resid(t)

  18. Part II: Estimation of Distributed Lag Models

  19. Part II: Estimation of Distributed Lag Models • Why not use simple OLS regression of SP500 on consumer sentiment in levels?

  20. Part II: Estimation of Distributed Lag Models • Example : The Index of Consumer Sentiment and the Standard & Poors 500 Index • Does consumer sentiment affect the stock market?

  21. Resid(t) A(z)/B(z) Dynamic relationship + C(Z) Input X(t) Consumer sentiment + Output Y(t) SP500

  22. Resid(t) A(z)/B(z) Dynamic relationship + C(Z) Input X(t) Consumer sentiment + [c0 + c1 Z + c2 Z2 + …] Output Y(t) SP500

  23. Regress sp500 on a distributed lag of consumer sentiment • sp500(t) = c0consen(t) + c1consen(t-1) + c2consen(t-2) + … + resid(t)

  24. Regression of SP500 on Consen

  25. Distributed Lag Model of SP500 on Consumer Sentiment • Why are not the t-statistics more significant

  26. Correlogram of Consumer Sentiment

  27. Distributed Lag Model of SP500 on Consumer Sentiment • Fixup: Taking logarithms is not enough

  28. Correlogram of natural logarithm of the Index of Consumer Sentiment

  29. Distributed Lag Model of SP500 on Consumer Sentiment • Fixup: Taking logarithms is not enough • First difference after taking natural logarithm to obtain the fractional change in the Index of Consumer Sentiment

  30. Resid(t) A(z)/B(z) Dynamic relationship + C(Z) Input X(t) lnConsumer sentiment D + [c0 + c1 Z + c2 Z2 + …] Output Y(t) lnSP500 D

  31. Regression of dlnsp500 on distributed lag of dlncons

  32. Distributed Lag Model of Fractional Changes in SP500 on Fractional Changes in Consumer Sentiment • Why does this work? Because fractional changes in consumer sentiment are orthogonal!

  33. Correlogram of fractional changes in consumer sentiment

  34. Contemporary correlation • dlnsp500(t) = c0 dlncons(t) + c1 dlncons(t-1) + c2 dlncons(t-2) + c3 dlncons(t-3) + resid(t) • multiply by dlcons(t) and take expectations

  35. E{dlnsp500(t)*dlncons(t) = c0 [dlncons(t)]2 + c1 dlncons(t-1)*dlncons(t) + c2 dlncons(t-2)*dlncons(t) + c3 dlncons(t-3)*dlmcons(t) + resid(t)*dlncons(t)} • cov dlnsp500(t) dlncons(t) = c0 var dlncons(t) + 0 • c0 = cov[dlny*dlnx]/var[dlnx]

  36. Correlation at lag one • dlnsp500(t) = c0 dlncons(t) + c1 dlncons(t-1) + c2 dlncons(t-2) + c3 dlncons(t-3) + resid(t) • multiply by dlcons(t-1) and take expectations

  37. E{dlnsp500(t)*dlncons(t-1) = c0 [dlncons(t)*dlncons(t-1)] + c1 dlncons(t-1)*dlncons(t-1) + c2 dlncons(t-2)*dlncons(t-1) + c3 dlncons(t-3)*dlmcons(t-1) + resid(t)*dlncons(t-1)} • crosscov dlnsp500(t) dlncons(t-1) = c1 autocov dlncons(t-1)*dlncons(t-1)) + 0 • c1 = cov[dlny(t)*dlnx(t-1)]/var[dlnx]

  38. Cross-correlation function

  39. Part III: Definitions of Cross-Covariance and Cross-Correlation • In general, the cross-covariance function where y depends on current and lagged values of x:

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