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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURKMENISTAN “PROBLEMS OF USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN TURKMENISTAN” Ashgabat, February 24-25, 2010. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT FRASHËRI Alfred, BUSHATI Salvatore, PANO Niko Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, ALBANIA

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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

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  1. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURKMENISTAN“PROBLEMS OF USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN TURKMENISTAN”Ashgabat, February 24-25, 2010 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT FRASHËRI Alfred, BUSHATI Salvatore, PANO Niko Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, ALBANIA Tirana, January 2010

  2. INTRODUCTION In the paper are presented: • Geothermal regime of the Albanides and • Platform for integrated and cascade management of geothermal energy of low enthalpy in Albania Ninety years have been geothermal studies period in Albania. These studies and modeling are part of geothermal studies in the framework of: • Geothermal Atlas of the Albania, • Geothermal Atlas of Europe, • Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Europe, and • Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Albania.

  3. The studies of the geothermal field in Albania were performed on the basis of temperature logs in the 137 deep oil and gas wells and in 50 shallow boreholes. Have been compiled different maps: • The Temperature Maps at 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 meters depths, • Average Geothermal Gradient Map, • Heat Flow Density Map, • Geothermal Resources Thematic Map, and • Geothermal profiles Thermal water springs and deep wells have been investigated, and geothermal potential of the reservoirs has been evaluated.

  4. GEOTHERMAL REGIME Temperature The geothermal field is characterized by a relatively low value of temperature. At 6000 meters depth, the temperature is 105.8oC, in the central part of the Peri-Adriatic Depression. The lowest temperature values have been measured in mountain regions. In these areas, there is intensive circulation of cold underground water, of 5-6oC temperature. Generally, the isotherms run fit well to the strike of structures of the Albanides.

  5. The temperature at 100 meters depth varies from 8 to 20oC

  6. The highest temperature at 3000 m is 68 oC

  7. GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT Geothermal Gradient changes from western to the eastern part of the Albania, and in the depth. External Albanides are characterized by low geothermal gradient from 15 to 21.3 mK/m. Deeper than 20 km is observed decreasing of the gradient. This change of the gradient is coincided with the top of the crystal basement.

  8. … Internal Albanides: Are observed that the temperatures in ophiolitic belt are higher than in the sedimentary basin, at the same depth. The geothermal gradient has a value up to 36 mK/m at northeaster and southeastern part of the Albania. Decreasing of the gradient are observed deeper than 12 000 meters in this side of Albania, at the top of the Triassic salts deposits.

  9. Regional Geological- Geophysical Profile Albanid-1, Falco- Durrës-Tiranë-Peshkopi

  10. … Gradient 1.54oC/100 m Gradient 1.31oC/100m

  11. HEAT FLOWW DENSITY MAP OF ALBANIA In the External Albanides ismaximal value of the heat flow is equal to 42 mW/m2. In the ophiolitic belt at eastern part of Albania, the heat flow density values are up to 60 mW/m2. .

  12. HEAT FLOW DENSITY Radiogene heat generation of the ophiolites is very low. Increasing of the heat flow in the ophiolitic belt, are linked with heat flow from the depth. According to the Alb-1 line, the granites of the crystal basement, which have the possibilities for the great radiogenic heat generation represents the heat source. In ophiolitic belt, is observed decreasing of the MOHO discontinuity depth.

  13. … Heat flow anomalies are conditioned by intensive heat transmitting through deep fractures. These fractures are conditioned location of the geothermal energy sources. According to the calculation of different geo-thermometers, the aquifer estimated temperatures are 144 up to 270oC. Based on the geothermal modeling, one can suppose that thermal waters rises from 8-12 km deep, where temperature attains to 220oC.

  14. GEOTHERMAL SPRINGS AND WELLS MAP OF ALBANIA Thermal wells Thermal springs

  15. GEOTHERMAL AREAS MAP

  16. Postenani steam springs

  17. KRUJA GEOTHERMAL AREA

  18. ARDENICA GEOTHERMAL AREA

  19. DIRECTIONS FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OF LOW ENTHALPY IN ALBANIA The geothermal situation of low enthalpy in Albania offers three directions for the direct use of geothermal energy, which is unused until now. This exploitation will realized by: • integrated scheme of geothermal energy, heat pumps and solar energy, and • cascade use of thermal waters energy

  20. … Firstly, space-heating system, to use ground heat using shallow borehole heat exchanger (BHE)- Geothermal Heat Pump system. These systems, actually are presented the most popular and technologically advanced. HEAT PUMP

  21. … Compilation of Geothermal heat production (before the heat pumps) by BHE systems in Switzerland.

  22. Number of installed heat pumps units is some European countries

  23. Actually, the electric energy consummation for heating is 1 375 GWh/year, or 23.8 % of the total electric energy production in Albania (National Agency of Energy, Tirana, 2003). … Heating Power, 1375 GWh, 23.8% of the total Average Power without heating, 4400 GWh MW 23.8% 23.8% Hours

  24. … Two types of shallow heat sources exist: 1. Ground heat, and 2. Underground waters heat. In the Tirana field, the temperature is 15.5 oC, up to logging depth 31 m, in the Quaternary deposits. The layers at the depth from 0-8-10 m have a temperature, which is conditioned by solar radiation energy. During the winter, the temperature is lower than during the summer.

  25. … Temperature in subsurface ground at western plane-hilly area: Minimal temperature is 17.15 °C Maximal Temperature is 18.41 °C Average Temperature is 18.0 °C Temperature in subsurface ground at hilly-mountains regions: Minimal temperature is 6.70 °C Maximal temperature is 18.60 °C Average temperature is 14.75 °C

  26. … Water of the Quaternary gravel layer is 14-15 oC, Water of the Quaternary sandstone layers is 15-16oC Consequently, concluded that water of the Tirana underground basin can be a heat source for the geothermal pumps.

  27. INSTALLATIONS IN ALBANIA: Professional School Professional School, Ersaka

  28. PALACE OF CULTURE, TIRANA Ph=500 kW, COP=4,06

  29. TWIN TOWERS, TIRANA Ph=1200 kW COP=3,5

  30. High School “Peter MAHRINGER”, SHKODER Ph=185 kW COP=4,1

  31. … Secondly, thermal water sources of low enthalpy and of maximal temperature up to 80°C. These are natural sources or wells in a wide territory of Albania, from the South near Albanian-Greek boundary to Northeast districts in Diber Region.

  32. … Thermal waters of springs and wells in Albania may be used in several ways: Modern SPA-WELLNESS with thermal pools for treatment of different diseases, recreation, relax and development of eco-tourism.

  33. Kozani 8 geothermal Llixha Elbasan deep well Water place SPA “NOSI”

  34. … The oldest and important is ElbasaniLlixha SPA, which located in the Central part of Albania. These thermal springs from about 2000 years ago are known. According to historic data, in ElbasaniLlixha thermal springs there has been a center near of the old road “Via Egnatia" that has passed from Durresi to Constantinople.

  35. … The geothermal situation of low enthalpy in Albania offers different directions for use of geothermal energy, which is unused until now. This exploitation will realized by: • Integrated scheme of geothermal energy, heat pumps and solar energy, and • cascade use of this energy

  36. Integrated and cascadeuseofthermalwatersof Kozani-8 deepwell: • Power-generation: Thermal water (80 oC) heatedbysolarpanels up to 100 oC. • 2. Directuse: • SPA-WELLNESS • - Spaceheating • - Sanitary water • - Thermalpools • - Thermalbath, sauna • AGRICULTURE • - Green houses • ACQUACULTURE • - Fish • - Spirulina • DEGAZING, SALTS EXTRACTION. .

  37. … From thermal mineral waters of some spring and wells it is possible to extract very useful chemical microelements as iodine, bromine (Ardenica wells), chlorine etc. and other natural salts, so necessary for preparation of creams for the treatment of many skin diseases as well as for beauty care products. From these waters it is possible to extract sulphidric and carbonic gas. It is possible to built installations for processing of mineral waters.

  38. Economic EVALUATION SPA-HOTEL   Reconstruction of the SPA (25 bed rooms) and construction of a new Hotel (25 bed rooms) with: ·        Outdoor-indoor thermal and swimming pools ·        Ball sports (tennis, volleyball, basketball) ·        Recreation (sauna, Turkish bath, solarium) ·        Fitness center with aerobic ·        Restaurant, bar ·        Meeting room ·        Other (rent a car, coiffeur, boutiques) ·        Greenhouses S=3000 m2

  39. … Total cost 2 418 000 USD Moderate credit of 1 300 000 USD for first phase (total 25 bed rooms) Payback 13 years

  40. … Complex and cascade use of geothermal energy, achieving a economical effectiveness. Such developments are useful also for the creation of new working places and improvement of the level of life for local communities near thermal sources.

  41. ….. SPACE HEATING AND COOLING Total surfaces of 3 floors 610 m2, 20 rooms, 3 halls, 7 restrooms. • Heating: by heat conveying-radiators   Heating Capacity 68.5 KW • Installation cost Total,Specific, (in Euro)(in Euro/m2) Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump 43.00071,66 Gas boiler 21.00035,00 Air-Air conditioners, type “General”15.600 26,00

  42. … Yearly of the electrical energy or gas consumption and costs: Borehole-G. Heat Pump 42.447 KW 4.295 Euro Gas boiler 15.654 Liter gas 14.089 Air-Air condition. 119.340 KW 11.982 Elect.heatradiat. 175.500 KW 17.480

  43. … Yearly cost of heating energy: First year Second year In Euro/KW in Euro/m2 in Euro/KW in Euro/m2 Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump 691,4 7,5 62,7 4,07 Gas boiler 513,2 57,5 205,9 23.09 Air-Air conditioners 403,2 45,2 175,2 19,64

  44. …

  45. …

  46. … Payback period for installation of the “Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump” System investment: 2.2 years, only by yearly savings of the expenses for boiler gas

  47. … According to this graphic results that geothermal heating and cooling system is more economic system.

  48. Greenhouses • Greenhouse construction costs: Total costs for construction of the heating system, excluded lines inside greenhouse Heating System ThermalCapacityCost kW € • Geothermal 300 66.100 • Boiler 300 7.000 • Diference 59.100 Investment difference for geothermal cost of 59.100 Euro will be covered in the short time period by expenses savings for gasoil that consume boiler.

  49. 2. Expenses for the electric energy and gasoil for heating systems Horary cost for consumed of electric energy and gasoil for heating systems HeatingSystemHoraryconsuptionCostHour’s cost • Geothermal 99,5 kWh 12,5 Lek 1.118 Lek/h • Boiler 35 littre/h 115 4.025 • Horary supplement of the expenses for the boiler compared to heating pump 2.906 Geothermal heating system savings 2.906,25 lekë or 21,29 Euro (136,5 Lekë/Euro) for every hour of the works compared to boiler system.

  50. … Daily savings are 510,96 Euro. During a time period of 115 work’s days of the greenhouse heating will be covered 59.100 Euro, which necessary as supplement for geothermal heating system construction. For the areas with different climate conditions, where the average daily temperature <10oC during the year varies as following: Tirana 82 days, Elbasan 83 days, Shkodër 145 days, and Korçë 176 days, payback period of investment for the geothermal heating system is 1,4 years for Albanian plain areas and 0,6 year for mountains regions with continental climate.

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