Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 The Enlightenment

2. Scientific Revolution • Identify a Problem or Question • Form a Hypothesis that can be tested A proposed answer to the question • Perform Experiments to test Hypothesis • Record Results • Analyze the results and form a Conclusion

3. Enlightenment – The Age of Reason • Reason can solve all problems • Problems of the world can be solved by educated people! • Spread new ideas about Science, Art, Society • Coffeehouses & Public Spaces to debate new ideas • Writers published ideas in books magazines and pamphlets • SALONS: social gatherings to bring together philosophers, artists, scientists, writers to discuss ideas ?

4. Read Summaries on Enlightenment Thinkers with your Group • Fill in the enlightenment thinker chart with your group • Try to assess which type of government (monarchy, republic, democracy, dictatorship, etc) each thinker would prefer • (we’ll take notes after so don’t worry if you’re not sure)

5. “Those who would trade in their freedom for their protection deserve neither.” Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan • Leviathan – massive sea monster • PEOPLE NEEDED GOVERNMENT TO IMPOSE ORDER IN EXCHANGE FOR PEACE, SAFETY, AND ORDER • SOCIAL CONTRACT: exchange of freedom for peace/order • Absolute Monarchy

6. John Locke • Two Treatises on Government • All people were born with equal rights to life, liberty, and property • GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S RIGHTS • Monarchs not chosen by god • People have to consent to be governed • Representative government (like Parliament – limit who can be a representative) Divine Right

7. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains Jean-Jacques Rousseau • The Social Contract • People born good, society corrupted people • People are all equal, government should work for the benefit of the common good, not for the wealthy few • GOVERNMENT UNITES PEOPLE IN HARMONY, CITIZENS MUST BE ACTIVELY INVOLVED • Direct Democracy (like a polis – the people vote on everything)

8. Baron de Montesquieu • The Spirit of the Laws • Best form of government divided powers among separate branches of government • Separation of powers allowed each government to check against the others • Republican Democracy (the people elect leaders to make the decisions)

9. Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations • Believed economic activities should take place in a free market • LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS: “leave alone” or “hands off” economic system works without government regulation

10. The American Revolution • By the mid 1770s, Americans had formed their own identity separate from England • Seven Years War (French & Indian War) kicked the French out of the colonies, but England was in debt • Who should pay for the war that helped the British Colonists?? • STAMP ACT: required Americans to pay a tax for an official stamp on: • Newspapers • Legal documents • Public papers

11. Tensions rise in the colonies What is the point of view of the artist? Is he/she biased? • Colonists boycotted English goods in protest of the Stamp Act • English repealed the law! • 1767: Colonists paid significantly less in taxes than Englishmen did • New Taxes: Glass, paper, paints, tea • Colonists boycotted English goods, including Tea • British sent in troops to keep order • 1770: Boston Massacre • Troops shot and killed five men • British repealed most of the taxes – not the one on TEA

12. No taxation without representation Tensions continue to rise • 1773: Sons of Liberty • led by Sam Adams & Paul Revere • Boston Tea Party: dressed up as natives and dumped hundreds of crates into Boston Harbor • British closed Boston Harbor (bad for Boston and colonies) • Passed the Intolerable Acts: limited freedom of colonists Graduate of Harvard Silversmith in Boston

13. One if by land, two if by sea! The British are coming! Colonists Respond! • 1774: The First Continental Congress called in • Philadelphia! • List grievances in response to Intolerable Acts • Sons of liberty expected war and hid weapons in the countryside around Boston, prepared signals if British were coming • April, 1775: hundreds of British troops marched out of Boston towards Lexington and Concord to find weapons • Lexington & Concord: British confronted Colonists, shots fired, WAR BEGINS!

14. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government Revolutionary War • Common Sense by Thomas Paine argued we had matured enough we no longer needed British rule • 1776: Second Continental Congress • Formed a committee to formally declare our independence • John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin all familiar with Enlightenment ideas • Declaration of Independence – July 4, 1776 • Influenced by the Enlightenment and the English Bill of Rights Look back through your notes. Which Enlightenment thinkers and ideas influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence

15. Revolutionary War: fight for independence • 2nd Continental Congress assigned George Washington (hero of the 7 Years War) as commanding general of the continental army • British defeated in Boston, but beat the Colonists in Long Island • Washington surprised attacked the Brits on Christmas night by Crossing the Delaware • Brits defeated the Continental army at the Battle of Brandywine, US retreated toward Philadelphia and wintered at Valley Forge

16. The Americans looked to the French and Prussians for help against the Brits • In September, 1781, the Americans and French surrounded the British army under Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia • Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19 • September 1783 the British signed the Treaty of Paris setting the American colonies free • Articles of Confederation: first government approved in 1781 • Deliberately created a weak central government (to be as opposite to a king as possible) • No tax, no army

17. Articles of Confederation: FAIL • The Articles were a failure – the states couldn’t pay off debts, no single currency made trade difficult, the US couldn’t defend itself without an army • 1787: Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia to revise the articles: instead they threw them out • George Washington presided over convention but remained mostly silent • James Madison and Alexander Hamilton created a constitution that was comprised of many compromises

18. Our Constitution • Federal System: a federal government has certain powers, others are reserved for the states • Federal government was divided into three powers • Executive: president – carries out laws • Judiciary: courts – interprets the laws • Legislative: congress – makes the laws • Senate: Upper House (each state has 2) • House of Representatives: Lower House (proportional to size) • Bill of Rights: protected individual rights like speech, press, religion, equality under the law • 1st 10 amendments

19. 1st Amendment Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly petition

20. 2nd Amendment Right to keep and bear arms

21. 3rd Amendment No quartering (housing) of soldiers

22. 4th Amendment Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

23. 5th Amendment Right from self-incrimination & double jeopardy

24. 6th Amendment Right to a speedy and public trial

25. 7th Amendment Right to trial by jury

26. 8th Amendment Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment & excessive bail

27. 9th Amendment Any rights not listed here does not mean they don’t exist (unenumerated rights)

28. 10th Amendment Any power not given to the Federal Government in the constitution goes to the states

29. Look back at your notes… • What did the four Enlightenment thinkers say that appealed to American Colonists? • Locke: • Natural Rights – life, liberty, property • The People must consent to be governed • Rousseau: • Government exists with permission from The People • Government should protect rights of people • Montesquieu • Powers must be separated for Checks and Balances

30. Form a "Salon” or “Coffee House” • What is the role of the administration at Avon Grove? • What SHOULD the role of our admin be? • What is the role of the teachers? • What SHOULD the role of the teachers be? • Can you apply any enlightenment ideas that would enhance or better our system here at school? • We have natural rights – what are they as students? • Government’s job is to protect our rights • Separation of powers • Power derived from the people