The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Essential Question: Why did the agricultural revolution occur in Britain?

3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain • Agricultural Revolution • Geography • Business friendly society • Scientific/Technological Advancement

4. Cause #1: The Agricultural Revolution • Characterized by advances in farming which dramatically increased food supply • The Potato • Crop Rotation • Diversification • The Seed Drill • The Enclosure Movement • Animal Husbandry

5. The Potato • Required little land to grow • Contains essential nutrients • May be grown in a variety of habitats

6. Crop Rotation • Growing different crops in the same soil for subsequent seasons • i.e. in the cold season grow potatoes and in the warm season grow corn

7. Diversification • The practice of planting a variety of different crops in order to cut down on poor harvests • i.e. if the wheat crop failed, the potato crop might still thrive.

8. The Seed Drill • JethroTull developed a seed drill that could be harnessed to a horse • This increased the speed and production of crops

9. England before the Enclosure Movement: The Commons • In England, land used to be owned in common, meaning that all members of the village could use the land for growing crops and raising animals

10. Enclosure Movement • The English government passed a series of enclosure acts which confiscated the “commons” from peasants who had lived off the land for centuries • Land was consolidated into large farms and powerful landowners in Parliament redistributed the land in their own favor

11. Results of Enclosure • Peasants were forced to move to the towns to find work • Farmers used more sophisticated methods described earlier to produce much more food

12. Animal Husbandry • Also known as “selective breeding.” The practice of breeding together two animals (one male, one female obviously) with desirable traits • The hope was that the offspring would inherit these traits and produce more wool, meat, etc.

13. Cause #2: Geography • An abundance of natural resources such as water (power for the steam engine), coal and iron ore (both necessary for manufacturing)

14. Geography (continued) • Rivers and canals in England made goods easier and quicker to transport.

15. Cause #3 Business Friendly Society • The constitutional monarchy provided a stable environment for business • Men who owned property and business were well-represented in Parliament • Britain had a large supply of capital to invest in factories and industrial machinery • Britain’s free society enabled inventors and capitalists to act on their ideas

16. Scientific & Technological Development • The invention of the steam engine and the discovery of the power of coal enabled Britain to power factories. • Also, the development of new machinery allowed Britain to produce goods on a massive scale

17. Scientific & Tech Development (continued) • Advances in machinery led to a boom in the textile industry and cotton cloth became Britain’s most valuable product

18. Science & Tech (continued) • The invention of a process called “puddling” allowed the British to produce higher quality iron • This high quality iron, combined with the steam engine allowed for the production of railroads and locomotives which created more jobs and less expensive transport.

19. Thesis Statement • Requirements • A subject (i.e. the legacy of the French of Revolution, the causes of the industrial revolution in Britain) • An opinion (i.e. the legacy of the French Revolution is one of bloodshed; the causes of the industrial revolution in Britain were numerous and include….) • A blueprint of reasons (at least 3) • A number of events have contributed to this legacy of violence including the storming of the Bastille, the invasion of the King’s palace, and the Reign of Terror.

20. Thesis Statement • Write two thesis statements • The first one should be a topic of your choice • The second one should respond to the question “Why did the industrial revolution begin in Britain?”

21. Activity • Pick up a map of Europe from the back counter • Label countries, capitals, and major bodies of water • Color countries next to each other different colors so they are more easily identifiable

22. Warm-up (To be submitted at 9:25) • Write 3 questions about the industrial revolution that you would like to see on the test. • I will select 3 questions from those who were on “team 1” and 1 question from those who are on “team 2.” I will let you know the questions tomorrow.

23. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution • Europe industrialized at different rates • France & Belgium industrialized after 1830 whereas Germany did not industrialize until 1870

24. Government help • Governments were active in promoting industrialization, funding roads, canals, and railroads

25. Essential Question • How did European society as a whole change as a result of the industrial revolution?

26. Main Effects of the Industrial Revolution on European Society • Growth of the population & growth of cities • Development of industrial classes • Advent of Socialism

27. Growth of the Population • Between 1750 & 1850, the population of Europe almost doubled. • Why? • More food • Less disease • Less war • Lower death rate

28. Growth of Cities • Factories were located in cities and were “magnets” for those seeking work • By the middle of the century, half the population lived in cities

29. Conditions of Cities • Cities grew faster than basic facilities such as a clean water supply and sewers • Working class people clustered into poor and congested housing. • The close quarters and the lack of basic facilities allowed disease to spread quickly and easily

30. Development of New Social Classes • Industrial Middle Class • Industrial Working Class

31. The Middle Class before the Industrial Revolution • Also known as the bourgeoisie • Before the industrial revolution the middle class was made up of merchants, artisans, and professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and government officials

32. The Industrial Middle Class During the industrial revolution, people built factories, bought machines, and figured out where to sell goods. These industrialists became part of the new industrial middle class.

33. The Industrial Working Class • These workers labored in factories • Much of the labor force comprised of women and children

34. Working conditions • 12-16 hour days • No minimum wage and could be fired without cause • Dirty and dangerous conditions especially in the mines

35. Factory Act of 1833 • In the United States, women and children made up 2/3 of the workforce. • The Factory Act of 1833 (Britain) mandated that children could not work before the age of 9 and limited the hours children could work.

36. New Gender Roles • When laws limited working hours for women and children men were expected to be the breadwinners while women ran the home

37. Socialism • Wanted to introduce equlaity into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to competition • Against private property • Cooperative living and voluntary association of workers • Robert Owen (British cotton manufacturer) successfully set up a “co-op” in Scotland but failed in the United States

38. Test Questions • Where did the industrial revolution begin? • Who improved upon the steam engine? • List three reasons the industrial revolution occurred in Britain. • What were the Enclosure Acts?