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Real-Time Corrective Control and Algorithms for Efficient Power System Management

This document provides an overview of real-time corrective algorithms and their applications in power system management, focusing on enhancing stability and mitigating cascading events. It discusses various strategies, including corrective and preventive measures that reduce overloads and voltage concerns, especially during contingencies such as the impact of Superstorm Sandy. Detailed case studies like the PJM guidelines and the Sunnyside-Torrey 138 kV operational guide exemplify practical applications. Computation times and methodologies for contingency management are also addressed to ensure reliability in diverse load conditions.

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Real-Time Corrective Control and Algorithms for Efficient Power System Management

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  1. Real-Time Corrective

  2. Real-time Structure • Computational time: < 5 min.

  3. Real-time Corrective Algorithm

  4. Real-time Corrective Topology Control Examples • PJM (2010) Manual 3: Transmission Operations. http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/compliance/nerc-standards/~/media/documents/manuals/m03.ashx • Sunnyside-Torrey 138 kV Operating Guide (AEP Operating Memo T029) • Historically, the Sunnyside-Torrey 138 kV overloads on the outage of the South Canton – Torrey 138 kV line. Opening the S.E. Canton 138 kV CB at Sunnyside will help to reduce the post-contingency flow on the Sunnyside-Torrey 138 kV line. • Page 107

  5. Superstorm Sandy • PJM lost 82 bulk electric facilities • 6 500kV facilities; 3 345kV facilities; 39 230kV facilities; 25 138kV facilities • Caused extremely high voltage on the system during low load levels • “We were dealing with extremely high voltage on the system but a switching plan was developed to help alleviate these conditions.” • Via Andy Ott, VP of PJM: several 500kV lines were switched out to mitigate over voltage concerns during these low load level periods

  6. Real-time Corrective Application • Real-time applications: • Cascading event mitigation • Malicious attack mitigation • N-1/ N-m events/ Minimize load shedding • Real-time renewable integration • Triggers: • Constraint violation • Loss of elements

  7. Hour Ahead Corrective

  8. Hour Ahead Corrective Structure • Computational time: < 15 min.

  9. Hour Ahead Corrective Algorithm (Renewables)

  10. Hour Ahead Corrective Results IEEE 118-bus Test Case – Base Load 4519 MW Wind uncertainty – ±16% (± 144MW) Reserve: 5% non-wind + 10% wind • For a single contingency multiple switching solutions can be obtained and vice versa • Some contingencies can only be mitigated through corrective switching, in order to avoid load shedding • No need of out of marker correction • If the wind output drops (within the uncertainty set) system may not be N-1 reliable for certain contingencies. • However, with corrective switching stable N-1 solution can be achieve

  11. Hour Ahead Preventive

  12. Hour Ahead Preventive Structure • Computational time: < 15 min.

  13. Hour Ahead Preventive Algorithm (Renewables)

  14. Day Ahead Corrective

  15. Day Ahead Corrective Structure • Computational time: 2-3 hrs.

  16. Day Ahead Corrective Algorithm

  17. Day Ahead RATC Corrective Results IEEE 118-bus Test Case – Base Load 4519 MW Demand uncertainty – ±6% (± 152MW) Reserve: 5% hydro + 7% non-hydro • For a single contingency multiple switching solutions can be obtained and vice versa • Some contingencies can only be mitigated through corrective switching, in order to avoid load shedding • No need of out of marker correction • If the wind output drops (within the uncertainty set) system may not be N-1 reliable for certain contingencies. • However, with corrective switching stable N-1 solution can be achieve

  18. Day Ahead Market/Economic Based

  19. Day Ahead Market Based Structure • Computational time: 2-3 hrs.

  20. Day Ahead Market Based Algorithm

  21. Day Ahead Market Based RATC Results

  22. RATC Impact on Out of Market Corrections • Market models (day-ahead, hour-ahead) do not guarantee N-1 feasibility • RATC reduces contingency violations • RATC reduces costly out of market corrections Market Model Out of Market Corrections Contingency Analysis

  23. RATC Algorithms

  24. Topology Control Algorithms • Greedy algorithm • Based on a sensitivity analysis • MIP heuristic • Finds the best single switching action • Either of these algorithms are triggered by the particular operator depending upon the application

  25. Greedy algorithm and MIP Heuristic • Inputs: • System states - • Topology processor • Outputs: • Dispatch and switching actions (and sequence of actions)

  26. Greedy Algorithm

  27. MIP Heuristic

  28. AC and Stability Check (NOTE: this section will likely be deleted)

  29. AC Feasibility and System Stability • Inputs: • System states - • Topology processor • Switching action to test • Outputs: • AC feasible – Yes/No • System stability – Yes/No

  30. AC Feasibility and System Stability

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