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Technologies of Food and Processing: Inventions in the Domestic Arena

Technologies of Food and Processing: Inventions in the Domestic Arena. By: Jasmine Klintong EWS 425H Gender, Identity, & Technology. Food-Processing.

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Technologies of Food and Processing: Inventions in the Domestic Arena

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  1. Technologies of Food and Processing: Inventions in the Domestic Arena By: Jasmine Klintong EWS 425H Gender, Identity, & Technology

  2. Food-Processing • “Second only to woman’s achievement in domesticating all the world’s major food plants is her achievement in making plants edible” (Stanley, pp. 18). • Detoxification/debittering: • Acorns • Olives • Taro • Sago • Cassava/manioc - tipiti

  3. Food Preparation: Cooking • Cross-Cultural sample: “Only activity…not exclusively male in any culture” (Stanley, pp. 23). • Omitted, or not emphasized: • Cooking is technology • Cooking was once the cutting edge of technology • Cooking is significant technology • Cooking gave rise or contributed to many other technologies

  4. Agriculture • Who’s in charge? Who makes the tools? A comparison of Sexual Labor Division in Cultivation Between Sample Horticultural & Agricultural Societies Cultivation Type Technology HorticultureAgriculture # % # % Female 52 50 15 16 Male 17 17 75 81 Both sexes equally 35333 3 Totals 104 100 93 100 • Explained by the Takeover Theory…

  5. Takeover Theory c. 4000-2000 BCE • Men as a “superclass” • Distribution of production = economic power $$ • Men= physically stronger; more free time; farming specializations • “[It’s a] pattern of women’s inventing a technology and developing it to a satisfactory level…only to lose out in that activity as it becomes commercialized and professionalized.” • Culture • Male historians

  6. 18th Century Inventions • Sybilla Righton Masters: maize stamping mill • Betsy Baker, Mary Kies, Sophia Woodhouse Welles: bonnets • Mary Wortley Montagu: veterinary medicine • Mrs. Paulet, Marie Harel: cheese • Catherine Littlefield Greene: short-staple cotton gin?

  7. Elizabeth Coleman White- blueberry 19th and 20th Centuries • Plant culture • Seed-treatment • Planting & cultivating techniques • Fertilizer • Irrigation, drainage, and related inventions • Harriet W. H. Strong: dams & reservoirs • New plants  • Valentina Mamontova: winter & spring wheat & barley • Plant diseases • Helen K. Tobol • Herbicides

  8. Animal Husbandry • New breeds, varieties • Salina, Maria, and Elena • “raised cattle in a personal way” • Care of livestock– methods, apparatus, research • World War • Melinda L. Boice: 1st successful calf by in-vitro fertilization • Dairy and poultry inventions • Milk & butter • Chicks & eggs: OBSERVATION • Dr. Pennington • Married Women’s Property Acts

  9. Food-Processing • Machines, devices • “Women patented at least 46 food-processing machines and devices in just over fifty years, between 1843 and early 1895.” • Nancy M. Johnson: standard crank actuated freezer (1843) • Denise C. Ralu: beermaking • Elizabeth Dakin: cleaning and roasting coffee • Tools • Dione Lucas: Gourmet knives • Methods, techniques, processes • Marie S. Gray: Treatment of cottonseed meals • Maura M. Bean: cake flour w/o chlorine

  10. Food processing cont… • Cooking • Fireless cooking • Cookware • Pots & pans • Teflon and Pyrex • Stoves • Margaret Owen: Cooking range or stove • Eldress Emeline Hart: revolving oven • Dr. Maria Telkes: solar energy

  11. Food processing cont… • Food Storage and preservation • Amanda Theodosia Jones: canning, preserving, jelly-making (1906) • Drying • Lydia J. Cadwell, Minnie Lloyd: fertilizer drier (1886) • Refrigeration/freezing • Nancy A. Lamon, Julian L. Fitzgerald, Mary H. Harris: refrigerator • Dr. Pennington again (frozen foods)

  12. Food processing cont… • New foods: infant formulas, travel foods, survival foods, etc. • Marie Mofort: Catholic nun: cake (~1420) • Mary Hopping: 19th century refried bean loaf • Anonymous: ice cream cone (1904) • Ruth Wakefield, Debra J. Fields: cookies • Diet Foods • Jean Slutsky Nidetch: Weight Watchers (1960s) • Women usually responsible for nutrition of families… • Nutrition • Dr. Kamala Sohonie: important research in food and plant chemistry

  13. Food processing cont… • Agricultural machines • Frances Willoughby: grain thrashing invention (1722) • Lady Ann Vavasour: Machinery for tilling land • Ann B. Harned Manning: mower & reaper • Hand tools • Elizabeth H. Buckley: shovel (1828) • Sister Tabitha Babbit: iron nails • Eliza B. Wilcox: pitchfork & rake (1886) • Genetic engineering • Annie C. Y. Chang: gene-splicing techniques • Mary-Dell Chilton: method for introducing genes into plant cells and reliably producing normal fertile plants • Prevents enormous loss

  14. Women invent! Miranda Smith Joanna B. Tribble Rebecca Walter Elizabeth A. Briggs Nellie Brown Mary Bryan Anna L. Miller Dr. Joan Moore Dr. Mary Glynne Marie Schaefer Henrietta King Sally Forbes Claudia Meilland Helen Newton Turner Nancy P. Wilkerson Kathleen K. Meserve Geneva Armstrong Elizabeth A. Craig Alice Vonk Cora B. Shellengerger Ingabrit T. Ingebritson Dr. Virginia Walbot Mary A. Lipscomb Lettie Smith Olga Kolomiets Mary Taylor Hannah Warner

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