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The Reformation

The Reformation. The Protestant Reformation. 1. The Protestant Reformation. Dissatisfaction with the Church Unhappy with taxes Disapproved Indulgences Approved by Pope Leo X Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation

  2. The Protestant Reformation

  3. 1. The Protestant Reformation • Dissatisfaction with the Church • Unhappy with taxes • Disapproved Indulgences • Approved by Pope Leo X • Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory • Disapproved other church practices • Growth of Nationalism • People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the church

  4. b. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe • Born in England around 1330 • Believed the earth should give up earthly possessions

  5. ii. Jan Hus • Born in Southern Bohemia in 1370 • Preached against the immortality and worldliness of the Catholic Church • Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII • Later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at the stake

  6. 2. Martin Luther • Ninety-five Theses • Luther denied that Indulgences had any power to remit sin • Criticized the power of the pope • Criticized the wealth of the Church • Theses was intended for church leaders • Nailing them to the door was common practice • Intended to stimulate discussion among the intellectuals

  7. b. Luther’s Message • He contradicted basic Catholic belief when he insisted that God’s grace cannot be won by good works • Believed all that was needed was faith • Declared the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus Christ

  8. iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of the scripture • To prove this point, translated the Bible into German iv. Christian practices should only come from the Bible

  9. c. Reactions to Luther • 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther • 1521, Diet of Worms • Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Assembly • Edict of Worms • Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his writings • Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading • 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of Christianity

  10. 3. Spread of Protestantism • Ulrich Zwingli • Born in Switzerland • Preached ideas similar to Luther, however his reforms went even further than Luther’s • Established a church based on the idea of a theocracy • Protestants and Catholics went to war over this • Zwingli died in battle in 1531

  11. b. John Calvin • Most important Protestant reformer, next Luther • Preached the doctrine of predestination • Holds that God knows who will be saved before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation

  12. iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a theocracy iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory

  13. 4. Protestantism spreads to England • A King’s Protest • Henry VIII • Became king in 1509, at the age of 17 • Was a devout Catholic • 1525, he asked for an annulment • His wife, Catherine of Argon, had only produced one child, which was girl named Mary • He did not believe she would have a son • Pope would not agree to the annulment

  14. b. The Reformation Parliament • Henry summoned the Parliament • Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under the authority of the pope • Henry VII became the head of the Church of England • He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed land among the nobles

  15. iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn • Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void • Anne gave Henry another daughter named Elizabeth v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534 • This required subjects to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

  16. c. Henry’s Heirs • He had a total of six wives • Third, wife Jane Seymore, gave Henry a male heir, his named, Edward VI • Edward VI • Took the throne in 1547 at the age of 9, died before the age of 16

  17. iv. Mary • Henry’s first daughter, becomes Queen of England • Returned England to the authority of the pope • Earned the title, Bloody Mary, because of how many people she killed for their protestant beliefs

  18. d. Elizabeth’s Reign • Elizabeth I • 1st act was the new Supremacy Act of 1559 • Persecuted anyone who worshiped as Catholic • Firmly established the Church of England

  19. The Counter Reformation

  20. 1. Reforming the Catholic Church • Early Reformers • Girolano Savonarola • He preached against the abuses of the church • Called for churches to melt their gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the Church • Would eventually be excommunicated • 1498- He was executed in Florence

  21. b. Jesuits • Their work renewed the churches emphasis on spirituality and service • Their name means the Society of Jesus • Order was founded in 1534, by Ignatuis of Loyola • Approved by the pope in 1539

  22. iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation • Established missions, schools, and universities

  23. c. The Council of Trent • Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545 • Met off and on until 1563 • Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues • Addressed the corruption of the clergy • Training of priests was regulated • Financial abuse curbed • Sales of indulgences abolished

  24. iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith, made by the Protestants • Believed church could help believers achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant that there would be no compromise between Protestants and Catholics

  25. d. Reforming Catholics • Charles Barromeo • Archbishop of Milan (1560-1584) • Took action to implement reforms ordered by the council, i.e. built new schools for the education of priests

  26. ii. Francis of Sales • Regained the district of Savoy, that had turned to Calvinism • Founded a religious teaching order for women

  27. e. Women and the Church • Women in religious orders began to take on more active roles in the Church • Teresa of Avila • Became a nun at the age of 20 • Had her own strict rules regarding fasting, prayers and sleep • Founded the Carmelite orders • Her reported visions of Christ and Catholic faith inspired many to remain Catholic

  28. f. The Inquisition • Church court meant to counter the Reformation • Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542) • Tried people accused on being Protestant • Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition in 1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition • Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews and later Protestants • Index of Forbidden Books • A list of books that the Church warned people not to read

  29. 2. Religious and Social Effects • Changes in Religion • Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this was due mostly to the Jesuits • Religious turmoil increased • Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to religious freedom

  30. b. Persecution and Hysteria • Both Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or leave Spain • Jews moved into Southern and Eastern Europe • In some places Jews were forced to live in a particular part of the city called a ghetto • People feared witchcraft • Accused people of practicing witchcraft • Penalty was death

  31. c. Political Effects • Rising sense of national identity • Protestant Reformation, indirectly encouraged the formation of independent states and nations

  32. 3. Religious Wars and Unrest • Italian Wars • 1527, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome • 1558, the Italian Wars ended • Significance • Credited with expanding the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe

  33. b. Conflicts among Germans • 1524, tens of thousands of Germans stormed castles and monasteries • Known as the Peasant ‘s Rebellion • Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power • 1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran Princes of Germany • War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555 • Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects would practice

  34. c. Conflicts between Religions • Huguenots (French Protestants) fought against Catholics • Henry of Navarre • He was a Huguenot • When he became king, he brought stability to France by converting to Catholicism • 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes • Granted religious freedom for Huguenots

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