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Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea, Lungs, and Bronchi

The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, lungs, and bronchi, essential for gas exchange. The trachea, located between the larynx and bronchi, has a unique structure supported by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage and lined with ciliated epithelium. The lungs, residing in the thoracic cavity, comprise distinct lobes and are enveloped in pleura. The bronchi branch from the trachea, leading to finer bronchioles and eventually to alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. Understanding these structures is crucial for comprehending respiratory physiology.

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Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea, Lungs, and Bronchi

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  1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  2. Lower respiratory tract • It includes : • Trachea, • Lungs, • Bronchi.

  3. Respiratory tract

  4. TRACHEA • Structures associated with the trachea: • Superiorly : the larynx. • Inferiorly :the right & left bronchi. • Anteriorly :Isthmus of Thyroid gland & the arch of the aorta & the sternum. • Posteriorly :the esophagus separates the trachea from the vertebral column. • Laterally :the lungs

  5. STRUCTURE OF THE TRACHEA • It is composed of 3 layers of tissues & held by between 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage. • Rings are incomplete posteriorly. • Connective tissues & involuntary muscle join the cartilages & form the posterior wall which is in contact with the esophagus.

  6. Three layers of tissue: • The outer layer : consists of fibrous & elastic tissue & encloses the cartilages. • The middle layer :consists of bands of smooth muscles in a helical manner. There is some areolar tissue. • The inner lining :consists of ciliated columnar epithelium, containing mucus secreting Goblet cells.

  7. LUNGS • There are 2 lungs, each lying on each side of the midline in the thoracic cavity. • They have- • Apex, • Base, • Costal surface, • Medial surface- Hilum at 5th, 6th, 7th thoracic vertebrae. • The area between the lungs: Mediastinum. • Lobes of the right & left Lungs.

  8. PLEURA & PLEURAL CAVITY: • Pleura consists of a closed sac of serous membrane which contains a small amount of serous fluid. • Each lung is pushed into this sac so that 2 layers are formed: • One adherent to the lungs -visceral • Another adherent to the wall of the thoracic cavity-parietal

  9. Inside the lungs.. • Bronchi & bronchioles: • Two primary bronchi are formed when trachea divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra. • The right bronchus: - wider, shorter & more vertical than the left one. • Approx 2.5 cm • The left bronchus: • About 5cm long • Narrower.

  10. BRONCHIAL TREE The bronchi divide as follows: Bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli. s

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