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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Lower respiratory tract. It includes : Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi. Respiratory tract. TRACHEA. Structures associated with the trachea: Superiorly : the larynx. Inferiorly :the right & left bronchi.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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  1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  2. Lower respiratory tract • It includes : • Trachea, • Lungs, • Bronchi.

  3. Respiratory tract

  4. TRACHEA • Structures associated with the trachea: • Superiorly : the larynx. • Inferiorly :the right & left bronchi. • Anteriorly :Isthmus of Thyroid gland & the arch of the aorta & the sternum. • Posteriorly :the esophagus separates the trachea from the vertebral column. • Laterally :the lungs

  5. STRUCTURE OF THE TRACHEA • It is composed of 3 layers of tissues & held by between 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage. • Rings are incomplete posteriorly. • Connective tissues & involuntary muscle join the cartilages & form the posterior wall which is in contact with the esophagus.

  6. Three layers of tissue: • The outer layer : consists of fibrous & elastic tissue & encloses the cartilages. • The middle layer :consists of bands of smooth muscles in a helical manner. There is some areolar tissue. • The inner lining :consists of ciliated columnar epithelium, containing mucus secreting Goblet cells.

  7. LUNGS • There are 2 lungs, each lying on each side of the midline in the thoracic cavity. • They have- • Apex, • Base, • Costal surface, • Medial surface- Hilum at 5th, 6th, 7th thoracic vertebrae. • The area between the lungs: Mediastinum. • Lobes of the right & left Lungs.

  8. PLEURA & PLEURAL CAVITY: • Pleura consists of a closed sac of serous membrane which contains a small amount of serous fluid. • Each lung is pushed into this sac so that 2 layers are formed: • One adherent to the lungs -visceral • Another adherent to the wall of the thoracic cavity-parietal

  9. Inside the lungs.. • Bronchi & bronchioles: • Two primary bronchi are formed when trachea divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra. • The right bronchus: - wider, shorter & more vertical than the left one. • Approx 2.5 cm • The left bronchus: • About 5cm long • Narrower.

  10. BRONCHIAL TREE The bronchi divide as follows: Bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli. s

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