Advanced Legal English 403

1. Advanced Legal English403 The American Legal System Dr Myra Williamson Assistant Professor of Law KiLAW Fall 2012

2. Topics to be covered • Federalism • The powers of federal and state governments • The Federal Government and the Legal System • State Government and the Legal System

3. Federalism • Citizens in the US are governed by two separate governments: federal and state. This is called “federalism” • Federalism is“A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (ie states)” • Federalism is “A system of government in which the people are regulated by both federal and state governments” • Hames & Ekern, p.17

4. Federal States – eg. Australia • Australia is a federation - it has a federal government and it has 7 states:

5. Other federations…. • India – 28 states and 7 territories • Canada – 10 provinces and 3 territories • Germany – a federation of 16 states • USA – let’s look more closely at this one

6. USA is a federation • The United States of America is a federation: power is divided between the federal government and state governments

7. USA and federalism • Each state has power to make laws in its own states • The Federal Government has power to make laws that apply to all 50 states • States cannot make laws that conflict with federal laws • If Federal Government makes a law which is outside of its express or implied powers, the US Supreme Court has the power to “strike down the law” for being unconstitutional • Example: US v Lopez (1995) • Held: the federal government went beyond its powers in passing a law that prohibited the carrying of guns near schools

8. Powers of the Federal Government • The power of the federal government to regulate and make laws is limited by the US Constitution • The US Constitution grants express and implied powers to Congress to make laws • Express powers = include the power of Federal Government to regulate matters such as: • Collecting taxes • Regulating commerce between states and with foreign nations • The coining of money • Establishing the post office • Declaring war • Maintaining a navy • Implied power = The Federal Government also has the power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing any of the stated powers

9. Express powers & implied powers • Express powers: powers given to Congress that are spelt out in the Constitution • Implied powers: the power that Congress has to regulate that is derived from the express powers • Example: maintain a navy – Congress has the express power make laws to maintain a navy; it has the implied power to make laws that will govern who can serve in the navy, how many ships will be needed, training and education etc of people in the navy

10. Express powers - source • Express powers are listed in Article 1, Section 8 of the US Constitution • Implied powers – not listed but they must be related to one of the express powers • Note that anything else (that falls outside these two areas) is for states to make law on

11. Theory v reality • In theory, the federal government’s law-making powers are quite limited • In practice, the federal government’s power to make laws is extensive

12. Powers of the State Government • States have broad powers to make laws that apply within the state boundaries • BUT they cannot make laws that conflict with federal laws • Nor can they make laws in areas that are reserved for the federal government • Preemption = refers to the right of federal government to be the exclusive lawmaker in certain areas