1 / 30

Ancient India

Ancient India. Geography. Northern Mountain Region. Three Mountain ranges- Himalaya s (“place of the snow”)- Highest mountain range in the world, form 1,500 mile long wall Karakoram – Join the Himalayas in current day Pakistan Hindu-Kush – Khyber pass at border of Afghanistan

kort
Télécharger la présentation

Ancient India

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ancient India

  2. Geography Northern Mountain Region Three Mountain ranges- Himalayas (“place of the snow”)- Highest mountain range in the world, form 1,500 mile long wall Karakoram – Join the Himalayas in current day Pakistan Hindu-Kush – Khyber pass at border of Afghanistan and Pakistan Indo-Gangetic Plain The Indo-Gangetic Plain- The plain formed by the Indus and Ganges Rivers The Deccan The Deccan – The interior plateau separated from the Indo-Gangetic Plain by the Vindhya Mountains (traditionally said to divide the cultures of the North & South) Chapter 3, Sect ion 1

  3. Hindu Kush Mts Karakoram Mts Northern Mountain Region Himalaya Indus River Indo-Gangetic Plain Ganges River Vindhya Mts The Deccan W. Ghats Mts E. Ghats Mts

  4. Climate Monsoons Seasonal Winds – November until February or March winds blow from North & Northwest – any moisture carried falls on North slope of Himalayas – by the time it reaches India it is very dry Mid-June through October winds blow from the Southwest, bringing warm moist air from the Indian Ocean Chapter 3, Sect ion 1

  5. Indus River Valley 2500-1500 BC Harappan Civilization MohenjoDaro & Harappa – major cities Detailed City Planning- Planned pattern for streets (Grid-like) Municipal water systems Public Baths City Sewer System w/private homes connected Strong Central Fortress (Citadel) Central Graineries Buildings built w/Baked Bricks (stronger than mud bricks) Chapter 3, Sect ion 1

  6. Indus River Valley Agriculture- -domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs, & goats - grew crops including cotton, wheat, & rice - used irrigation & flood control Industry- - Artisans produced cotton cloth, pottery, bronze items, & jewelry of gold & silver Written Language- - pictographs, as yet not translated, unable to connect to other languages

  7. Indo-Aryans Nomads from the Steppes - Called themselves Aryans - Came through the mountain passes (Khyber) Early Society- - Formed villages, changed from Nomadic ways to farming - Villages eventually combined to form city-states - A “Raja” (prince or king) ruled each city-state, he was military leader, lawmaker, & judge, he was assisted by a royal council, friends, & relatives - Separation in social class between Aryans & conquered inhabitants

  8. Indo-Aryans The Vedic Age 1500 – 1000 B.C. - Vedas the great literature of the Aryans, stories of their history, religion, & customs - History recorded by “word of Mouth” until written language (Sanskrit) was developed Economy- Farming – Wheat & Barley principal crops Also rice, sugar cane, leafy vegetables, gourds, peas, beans, & lentils Trading - limited, barter system, poor transportation Religion- - As recorded in the Vedas, they were gods of nature - No temples, used open spaces with altars - Used sacrifice to honor the gods - Over time Brahmins (priests) were needed to perform sacrifices

  9. Rajah Warriors & Brahmins (priests) Merchants, Artisans, & Farmers Farm Workers & Servants Non-Aryans Indo-Aryans

  10. Indo-Aryans Why did this civilization decline? Many theories, but nobody actually knows . . . Chapter 3, Sect ion 2

  11. Southern India -Separated from Northern India by Vindhya Mts. -Developed separate cultures & economies -Even groups within the southern region were fragmented -Coast dwellers developed a robust trading economy -many groups developed a “Matriarchal” society Chapter 3, Sect ion 2

  12. Hinduism Vedanta (end of the Vedas) - started around 700 B.C. - Questioned authority of Brahmins - Ideas expressed in written form (Upanishads- a philosophical explanation of the Vedic religion) - Complex, hard for most people to understand - Simple stories (folk tales) used to teach common man called epics - Two epics, the Mahabharata& the Ramayana - Mahabharata includes BhagavadGita, or “Song of the Lord” - These were the bases for both Hinduism &the Caste System Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  13. Hinduism The Caste System -Four distinct Varmas (social classes) -Brahmins (priests, scholars, wise men) -Kshatriyas (Warriors) -Vaisyas (Merchants, traders, artisans, farm owners) -Sudras (peasants, laborers) -Outside the Social Structure -Pariahs, or Untouchables (those who by birth inherited impure professions, such as skinning animals, caring for corpses, etc.) -System became more strict over time -subgroups, or jati were formed -people required to operate socially within their own group Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  14. Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (warriors) Vaisyas (merchants, artisans, & farmers) Sudras (farm workers & servants) Pariahs or Untouchables Hinduism Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  15. Hinduism Hindu Beliefs – Monism- Mind & matter are ultimately the same Maya– The world of our senses is only illusion Reincarnation– rebirth of the soul into a different body form based on your Karma & Dharma Dharma– The fulfillment of moral duty Karma– Positive or Negative force generated by a person’s actions & attitude Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  16. Hinduism Polytheistic - 3 greater gods (although Hindu’s believe that everything is “one”) Brahma - The Creator Vishnu - The Preserver Siva - The Destroyer Many lesser gods dealing with nature & human nature They believe that all life is sacred Both the Caste System & the Hindu Religion provided a strict social structure which allowed society to function more smoothly Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  17. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama – born around 563 B.C., founder. -son of a prince, grew up in luxury -pondered why suffering exists, & what is the value of life -At age 29 determined to spend the rest of his life seeking answers -After six years believed he had found the answers, & he became the Buddha, (Enlightened One) Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  18. Buddhism Buddha’s Teachings – The Four Noble Truths 1. All human life involves suffering & sorrow 2. Desire for a life of pleasure & material gain causes suffering & sorrow. 3. Renouncing desire frees people from suffering & helps souls attain Nirvana 4. Eightfold Path leads to renunciation, or denial of desire & attainment of Nirvana. Nirvana – the perfect peace, which releases the soul from endless reincarnation Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  19. Buddhism Buddha’s Teachings • The Eightfold Path • Right views, seeing life as it is • Right intentions • 3. Right speech • 4. Right action • 5. Right living • 6. Right effort • 7. Right mindfulness • 8. Right concentration Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  20. Buddhism After Siddhartha Gautama’s death, Buddhism split into two major branches- Theraveda – regarded Buddha as a great spiritual teacher Mahayana – regarded Buddha as a god or savior developed Buddhism as a religion with Temples & Priests Spread throughout China, Korea, & Japan fairly quickly, and is now worldwide (cultural diffusion). Chapter 3, Sect ion 3

  21. Mauryan Empire: (321 BC-232 BC)

  22. Mauryan Empire: (321 BC-232 BC) • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya • Conquered most of northern India • main rivals Nunda Family • Grandson of Chandragupta- Asoka • Conqueror the rest of Northern & Central India • Treated his people with kindness after conversion to Buddhism

  23. Mauryan Empire: (321 BC-232 BC) • Achievements • Spread Buddhism throughout India & the region • Improved roads (linked to silk roads) • Education • Built hospitals • Encouraged Science, Math, & Medicine After Asoka died a series of weak rulers allowed The Empire to collapse, allowing India to fall Into a 500 year period of civil war between small Provinces and foreign intervention.

  24. 321-232 BC Mauryan Empire Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)

  25. Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD) • Background • United northern India • Promoted trade with other nations • Called “Golden Age of Hinduism” • Increased influence of the Caste System on Indian society (further dividing society) • Empire broken up during Hun invasion

  26. Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD) • Achievements • Developed the “Zero” (0), infinity, and decimal numbers (Great mathematician – Aryabhata) • Wrote plays & poems in Sanskrit • Traded with Chinese, Persians, Byzantines, and Romans • Created vaccines for diseases (Great doctor – Susrata)

  27. Life & Culture The Sciences Math & Astronomy- -understood abstract numbers, negative numbers -used Algebra -Identified 7 of the planets without telescope -Understood the rotation of the Earth Medicine- -Surgeries included bone setting & plastic surgery -developed technique of innoculation -Built hospitals that were clean and light -disinfected wounds

  28. Life & Culture Economy: -Agriculture basis for economy for most of India -under the Gupta Empire trade became increasingly important -Southern India economy based in trade -The wealthy rajas taxed farmers heavily to support their lifestyle and conquests Chapter 3, Sect ion 5

  29. Life & Culture The Arts- Literature – Mahabharata & Ramayana Panchatantra (Five Books)- Popular fables that influenced later Arabian works Art & Architecture- Murals very popular (Caves at Ajanta) Religious sculptures (such as the Buddhas) Education- Very advanced, but generally reserved for the upper classes

  30. Life & Culture Women in Northern India were generally subordinate to men -laws supported this idea -Polygyny allowed men to have more than one wife -Suttee, voluntary death on husbands funeral pyre, common among upper class Women in the South fared better -Matriarchal society -could assume political leadership especially in the Tamil

More Related