Ancient India

1. Ancient India

2. SSWH2: The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. Standard

3. Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism. Essential Question

4. Describe the development of Indian civilization: include the rise and fall of the Mauyra Empire, the “Golden Age” under Grupta, and the emperor Ashoka. • Explain how geography of the Indian subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas. Learning Objectives

5. Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism. • Describe the development of Chinese civilization under the Zhou and Qin. • Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture; include the examination system, the Mandate of Heaven, the status of peasants, the status of merchants, and the patriarchal family, and explain diffusion to Southeast Asia, Japan, and Korea. Learning Objectives

6. India • Pakistan • Bangladesh • Nepal • Bhutan • Sri Lanka The Subcontinent of India

7. The subcontinent of India can be divided into three regions: The Northern Mountains region The Indo-Gangetic Plain region The Deccan region Geography of India

8. The tallest mountains on Earth • Himalayas mean “place of the snow” • The famous Mount Everest is located here. • The region is divided into areas: • These areas are the Himalayas, the Karakoram, and the Hindu Kush. • The famous Khyber Pass once provided migrating and invading tribes access to India. The Northern Mountain Region

10. Two great rivers lie south of the mountain region. • The Ganges River flows to the southeast and the Indus River flows to the southwest. • The Indus River is Pakistan's longest river. • This region is home to over 1 billion people. The Indo-Gangetic Region

12. This region lies south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. • This region is made up of high plateaus, hills and low mountain ranges. The Deccan Region

13. Two features that dominate India’s climate are monsoons and high temperatures. • From November to March the monsoons blow from the north to the northeast. • From June to October, the wet season, the monsoons blow from the southwest to the Indian Ocean. Monsoons

14. The timing of monsoons is critical. If monsoons arrive late, or if little rain falls, crops wither causing famine. • If monsoons bring too much rain, destructive floods rage across the countryside. • High temperatures of 120 degrees are frequent from March until June. Monsoons

15. Monsoons

16. Indo-Aryan People

17. Around 1750 B.C., new groups of people came through the Khyber passage into India. • The Indo-Aryans were semi-nomadic travelers. • They traveled by horse and carriages and by foot. They herded sheep and cows. • Armies of archers and charioteers enabled the Indo-Aryans to conquer all of northern India. The Indo-Aryans

18. The Vedas are the great literature of the Indo-Aryan religion. • With the development of writing, the Vedas were written down in the Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit. • The Vedas were so important to the Indo-Aryan culture that from 1500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. they called it the Vedic Age. The Vedas

19. The Vedas The Vedic form of belief was the precursor to modern Hinduism.

20. The earliest forms of Gods include elements of nature, such as the sky, sun, earth, light, water, fire, storms, wind and rain. • These natural forces were regarded or personified as persons. Indo-Aryan Religion

21. Indo-Aryan settlements joined to form city-states ruled by a Raja. • As societies developed, so did the culture and religion. • Brahmins became an important part of the culture and were considered the priest who knew the proper forms and rules. Indo-Aryan Societies

22. Physical and social differences existed between the Indo-Aryan migrates and the earlier inhabitants. • The Indo-Aryans were light-skinned and the earlier inhabitants were dark-skinned. • Thus, the social caste system was developed. • Warriors and priests were at the top followed by merchants, traders, farmers, and servants. Indo-Aryan Societies

23. Brahmins – Priests, scholars, wise men • Kshatriyas – Rulers and warriors • Vaisyas – Merchants, traders, owners of small farms • Sudras- Peasants bound to work the fields of large landowners • Untouchables – slaves capture in battle forced to skin animals and bury corpses. Caste System

24. Caste System

25. Hinduism has no single founder and no one holy book. • Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. Hinduism

26. Hinduism developed through the Brahmin’s interpretation of the Vedas. • The Hindus believe that the world we live in is an illusion called Maya. • Because it takes time to understand the illusions that we see and since the soul does not die, reincarnation is solution. Hinduism

27. Brahma, the Hindu god is associated with the formation of the universe and is one of theGods in the triumvirate of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma the Creator

28. Shiva is responsible for change both in the form of death and destruction. This also includes the shedding of old habits. Shiva the Destroyer

29. He is the one who ensures peace and order on earth. Vishnu the Preserver

30. The Founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha Gautama. • Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world. Buddhism

31. Born a prince, Gautama lived in luxury his whole life. • At the age of 29, he left his palace and was shocked by all the suffering that he saw. • Gautama left his wife and his infant son in search for the answer to “Why people suffer?” “The Enlightened One”

32. Siddhartha Gautama

33. After six years of searching, one day under a fig tree he found the answer to life’s problems. • At that moment he became the Buddha. • He taught that salvation comes from knowing the Four-Noble Truths and following the Eightfold-Path. The Buddha

34. The life of all humans involves suffering and sorrow. • The desire for a life of pleasure and material gain causes suffering and sorrow. • Renouncing desires of the flesh, frees people from suffering and helps their soul attain nirvana. • Following the Eightfold Path leads to renunciation. The Four Noble Truths

35. (1) See life as it really is with all of its imperfections (2) right intentions (3) right speech, avoid lies and gossip (4) right action, avoid unlawful acts (5) right living, meaning working at a job that does not harm others (6) right effort, working to prevent evil (7) right mindfulness, consent aware of one’s self (8) right concentration to direct the mind in meditation. The Eightfold Path

36. The Buddha did not accept Hindu’s Gods. • The Buddha believed that the Brahmins should live peacefully and a life of poverty. • The Buddha shunned the caste system and believed that anyone could reach nirvana if he or she was good. Buddhism vs. Hinduism

37. After Gautama died, the Buddhist religion was split into two branches, the Theravada and Mahayana. • The Theravada believed in the traditional truths and that Buddha was a great spiritual teacher. • Mahayana believed that the Buddha was a God and savior. • Monks spread the Buddhist teachings worldwide. The Spread of Buddhism

38. Taj Mahal

39. Mohenjo-Daro

40. It was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements. • Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE, and was not rediscovered until 1922. Mohenjo-Daro