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Research areas

Dr. Andrew Clark Senior Lecturer in Synthetic Chemistry. Research areas. Natural product isolation and total synthesis. Chemistry and biology of free radicals. Development of synthetic methodology using copper, iron and ruthenium. Functional Genomics / Chemical Genetics / Interactomics.

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Research areas

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  1. Dr. Andrew Clark Senior Lecturer in Synthetic Chemistry Research areas Natural product isolation and total synthesis. Chemistry and biology of free radicals Development of synthetic methodology using copper, iron and ruthenium Functional Genomics / Chemical Genetics / Interactomics Use of plants in renewable plastics manufacture

  2. Use of plants in renewable plastics manufacture POLYMERS and COMPOSITES Resins/Monomers Normally made from organic chemicals which are petrochemical in origin. Plant oils e.g. rape oil, linseed oil, sunflower oil, soya oil Strengtheners Normally a fibre incorporated into the polymer to increase mechanical strength. Plant fibres e.g. hemp, flax, jute, miscanthus Fillers Cheap organic or inorganic materials used to bulk the polymers and to alter physical properties Plant protein / waste e.g. rape meal

  3. ADVANTAGES OF PLANT PRODUCTS OVER PETROCHEMICALS Non-toxic, Biodegradable, Non-polluting in water courses, Sustainable, Recyclable? Besides a competitive price, the chemical industry also wants improvedor new properties from end products derived from vegetable oils

  4. Vegetable Oils as Polymer Feedstocks (monomers) Euphorbia oil Rapeseed oil Plant fibres for composites Jute Hemp

  5. : Specific tensile strengths of synthetic and natural fibres

  6. COMMON MONOMER FEEDSTOCKS

  7. Renewable sources of monomers for polyurethane synthesis TYPE 1 CASTOR OIL TYPE 2 CARDANOL cashew nut shell liquid

  8. INFRA RED OF RAPESEED AND HYDROXYLATED RAPESEED

  9. Infra Red of modified low hydroxylated and high hydroxylated euphorbia

  10. POLYMERISATION THREE CLASSES of RESIN RAPESEED HYDROXYLATED RESIN (RASOR) EUPHORBIA HIGH HYDROXYLATED RESIN (high-EURE) EUPHORBIA LOW HYDROXYLATED RESIN (low-EURE) COMPOSITES HEMP (H) MISCANTHUS FLAX JUTE (J) DI-ISOCYANATES MDI TDI COMPRESSION MOULDING

  11. IR spectra of 50 min cured rapeseed and euphorbia oil

  12. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis:

  13. THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS The loss in mass as a function of temperature RAPESEED

  14. THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS The loss in mass as a function of temperature RAPESEED EUPHORBIA

  15. THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS EUPHORBIA

  16. Untreated and alkali treated hemp-EURE and hemp-RASOR composites

  17. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY RAPESEED-HEMP COMPOSITE RAPESEED PU EUPHORBIA-HEMP COMPSITE EUPHORBIA PU

  18. WEATHERABILITY NO evidence of major decomposition after 6 months simulated Solar UV radiation BIODEGRADABILITY Samples buried in bags 6 x 6 cm (pore size 20 micron) Bags recovered after three and six weeks Weight loss and colonising flora analysis

  19. BIODEGRADABILITY RASOR SEM 123 4 5 6 7 8 910111213 1= 3 weeks hemp-EURE 2= 3 weeks hemp-RASOR 3= 6 weeks hemp-EURE 4= 6 weeks hemp-RASOR 1 = ladder DNA, 2-5 = soil DNA, 6-9 = 3 wks, 10-13 = 6 wks 6, 10 = microflora DNA from EURE 7, 11 = microflora DNA from hemp-RASOR 8, 12 = microflora DNA fromhemp-EURE 9, 13 = microflora DNA from RASOR 1 2 3 4

  20. Economics. Cost of oil production per kilo Euphorbia lagascae £1.61 Rapeseed oil £2.11 Castor oil £1.21 * not including import costs Cost of complete polyurethane production per kilo Euphorbia lagascae £1.54 Rapeseed oil £1.88 Petrochemical £2.50-£9.50 Energy required in monomer production 1.9kg of fossil fuel per kg of monomer Equates to 3.1 kg of CO2 emissions per Kg of monomer

  21. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A range of materials from rapeseed oil and euphorbia oil have been prepared and analysed. Properties of materials produced differ depending upon the type of oil used. Fibre composites of resins give superior properties to resins alone. Biodegradability may be controllable The increased range of materials available from this project will broaden the portfolio of potential industrial applications of materials from renewables which should lead to an increased value added market for fibres and oil crops in the UK agricultural sector. Euphorbia lagascae is a potential new crop for renewable materials production

  22. Future work In depth biodegradation studies. Can we control rate of degradation? Use of other oilseed crops and fibre crops. Use of fillers (rapemeal) Portfolio of materials from renewables to showcase to industry

  23. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL Dr. A. J. Clark, Project leader, Chemistry, monomer production Dr. L. Mwaikambo, Polymer synthesis and characterisation Prof. T. J. Kemp, Weatherometry Mrs. A. Mohd Rus, Weatherometry Advanced Technology Centre, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, Dr. N. J. Tucker, Project leader, Composites, mechanical testing Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, Dr. M. Krsek, Biodegradability Prof. E. M. H. Wellington, Biodegradability ADAS (Euphorbia supplier) Mr. D. Turley, Formally of ADAS, High Mowthorpe, Duggleby, Malton, N Yorks, YO17 8BP. Dr. R. M. Weightman ADAS Consultancy Ltd, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambs, CB3 8NN

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