1 / 47

Positive Self-Concept: A Universal Virtue Ethic?

Positive Self-Concept: A Universal Virtue Ethic?. Timothy A. Judge University of Florida. Michigan State University 2 October 2006. Personality Five factor model Core self-evaluations Mood/emotions Other Attitudes Staffing/careers Leadership. Research Areas.

kuniko
Télécharger la présentation

Positive Self-Concept: A Universal Virtue Ethic?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Positive Self-Concept:A Universal Virtue Ethic? Timothy A. Judge University of Florida Michigan State University 2 October 2006

  2. Personality Five factor model Core self-evaluations Mood/emotions Other Attitudes Staffing/careers Leadership Research Areas

  3. Positivity is valued in Western society Positive psychology movement Centers (e.g., UM), journals (Journal of Positive Psychology; Journal of Happiness Studies), conferences, awards, books, etc. Happiness is to some a natural right (or goal) Pursuit of happiness a right in Declaration of Independence Positivity

  4. Overwhelming majority of Americans are happy Happiness • That has not changed much over time Source: 2006 Pew Research Center Poll of 3,014 working Americans

  5. Self-positivity Being positive is perhaps most fundamentally being self-positive From Elizabeth Anscombe (1958): virtue ethic refocuses moral philosophy from “what is right?” to “how should I live?” Universal virtue ethic: everyone should live this way Would it benefit everyone to have a positive self-concept? (i.e., UVE) Self-PositivityA Universal Virtue Ethic?

  6. Self-esteem most widely studied trait in  Baumeister et al. (2003): “Self-esteem is thus not a major predictor or cause of almost anything” Crocker and Knight (2005): “Although high self-esteem produces pleasant feelings and enhanced initiative, it does not cause high academic achievement, good job performance, or leadership” BUTDoes Positive Self-Concept Matter?

  7. Response The recent spate of critiques of self-esteem research bears an eerie resemblance to a parallel wave of criticisms of attitudes and traits that appeared during the late 1960’s – Swann et al., (American Psychologist, in press) So there is a controversy Does positive self-concept matter to applied criteria (in workplace, in life)? RebuttalDoes Positive Self-Concept Matter?

  8. 6 Questions 1. Is there a broad self-concept factor (CSE) that causes indicators like self-esteem? 2. How does the broad factor (CSE) relate to various work and life outcomes? PAST 3. Does CSE add beyond the five-factor model? 4. Can one be too positive (overly self-positive)? FUTURE 5. How does CSE work (how, when, what [Swann])? 6. What are remaining unanswered questions?

  9. Bandwidth-fidelity paradox: earliest stages of scientific psychology sensations (Titchener, 1910); intelligence (Spearman, 1927); attitudes (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1974) Parsimony is a goal of psychology Ceteris paribus, the simplest explanation, or fewest number of constructs, is preferred If a broad factor explains overlap in measures, unique non-error variance must show incremental validity (Humphreys, 1962) Broad vs. Specific Traits

  10. Self-esteem, locus of control, and neuroticism are the most widely studied individual traits in personality psychology Search of PsycINFO database Self-esteem: 26,740 entries Locus of control: 14,910 entries Neuroticism/emotional stability: 9,516 entries The 3 traits have been the subject of 48,898 studies in PsycINFO database “The Big Three”

  11. Nearly always studied in isolation In personality research… In the few cases where 2 are included, interrelationship typically are not considered When interrelationship is considered… neuroticismlocus of control (Wambach & Panackal, 1979) locus of a controlneuroticism(Morelli et al., 1979) In organizational behavior research… Nearly all studies including more than one core trait treat them as wholly independent Core Traits

  12. Judge, Locke, & Durham (ROB, 1997) proposed a broad construct, core self-evaluations (CSE), that reflects a positive self-concept CSE is a latent trait indicated by High self-esteem High self-efficacy (generalized) Internal locus of control Low neuroticism (high emotional stability) Core Self-Evaluations

  13. Question #1Do Traits Indicate Higher-Order Factor? Numbers in greenare meta-analyzed correlations. Numbers in black are number of studies. Numbers in blueare combined N. Source: Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen (Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 2002)

  14. Question #1Do Traits IndicateHigher-Order Factor? 1.00 Self-Esteem #1 Self- Esteem .54 Self-Esteem #2 .91 Self-Esteem #3 .88 1.00 Self-Efficacy #1 .98 Self- Efficacy Self-Efficacy #2 .79 .73 Self-Efficacy #3 Core Self Evaluations 1.00 Neuroticism #1 Neuroticism -.76 .67 Neuroticism #2 .77 Neuroticism #3 .59 Locus #1 1.00 Locus of Control .58 Locus #2 .75 Locus #3 Source: Erez & Judge (JAP, 2001)

  15. Controlling for the common factor (or direct measure), individual core traits rarely contribute incremental prediction If a broad factor explains overlap in measures, the unexplained non-error variance that is unique to the measures must be examined for its usefulness (Lubinski & Dawis, 1992) Core would predict better than individual traits due to reliability of composite. However, we can compare first factor extracted (CSE) to subsequent factors compare direct measure to single composite of core traits Question #2Does CSE Predict Outcomes?

  16. Acid tests Do core traits load on same factor as Big Five traits? We have never found this to be the case in CFA models CFAs very (overly?) sensitive to misspecification Does CSE provide incremental validity beyond optimally weighted composite (OLS weights) of Big Five traits? Question #3CSE and FFM

  17. Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM? Note: ** p < .01. N=124 life insurance agents. Source: Erez and Judge (Journal of Applied Psychology, 2001)

  18. Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM? JS=job satisfaction LS=life satisfaction JP=job performance Source: Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen (Personnel Psychology, 2003)

  19. Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM?

  20. Collected data from fitness center child care center Employees completed core self-evaluations scale and a FFM measure Supervisors rated performance of employees Two supervisors per employee (ICC1=.50) Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM?

  21. Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM? Notes: Estimates are βs. N=164. † p < .10. * p < .05. ** p < .01. Source: Judge and Erez (in preparation)

  22. CSE more related to neuroticism than to conscientiousness, extraversion Indeed, part of concept So, one might argue that core traits fit under umbrella of neuroticism (ES) But, ES measures under-predict Derived from psychopathology, and over-sample stress/anxiety compared to self-worth Am easily disturbed / Change my mood a lot Get irritated easily / Get upset easily Have frequent mood swings / Get stressed out easily Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM?

  23. Question #3Does CSE Add Beyond FFM? 1 2 3 4 5 Neuroticism Measure 1. Big Five Inventory(β) .19 2. Goldberg IPIP(β) .12 3. Goldberg AB5C(β) -.06 4. NEO(β) .15 5. Eysenck(β) .32** Core Self-Evaluations CSES(β) .42** .36** .36** .41** .52** ∆R .28** .28** .29** .20** .37** R2 .12 .11 .12 .11 .15 Criterion=overall job performance Source: Judge and Erez (in preparation)

  24. 6 Questions 1. Is there a broad self-concept factor (CSE) that causes indicators like self-esteem? 2. How does the broad factor (CSE) relate to various work and life outcomes? 3. Does CSE add beyond the five-factor model? 4. Can one be too positive (overly self-positive)? 5. How does CSE work (how, when, what [Swann])? 6. What are remaining unanswered questions?

  25. Is positivity always good?(Judge & Ilies, AME, 2004) Harmful effects of self-esteem pursuit Costs of self-deception Extreme self-positivity=narcissism Definition: self-love, or an exceptional interest in and admiration for yourself Narcissism correlates r=.35 with self-esteem Many controversies about narcissism in psychology (e.g., costs-benefits) Very little study of narcissism in I-O/OB/strategy Question #4Can One Be Too Positive?

  26. DSM-IV: narcissism=grandiose self-regard; exaggeration of talents, skills May lead to enhanced view of self with respect to various work outcomes Collected data in two samples relating self and other ratings of Leadership Workplace deviance Task and contextual performance Question #4Can One Be Too Positive?

  27. Question #4Can One Be Too Positive? Notes: Criterion=Contextual performance. * p < .05. ** p < .01. Source: Judge, LePine, and Rich (JAP, 2006)

  28. Question #4Can One Be Too Positive? Notes: Criterion=Leadership effectiveness. * p < .05. ** p < .01. Source: Judge, LePine, and Rich (JAP, 2006)

  29. Early findings High CSE people set higher goals / are more committed to them (Erez & Judge, JAP, 2001) High CSE people seek and attain more challenging jobs Perceptions of intrinsic job characteristics (Judge, Locke, Durham, & Kluger, JAP, 1998) Objective ratings of job complexity (Judge, Bono, & Locke, JAP, 2000) Choice of complex tasks (Srivastava, Locke, & Judge, under review) Question #5How Does CSE Work?

  30. Do high CSE folks capitalize on advantages (earned and bestowed) at the onset of adulthood? Studied using NLS where individuals have been followed over period of 27 years, first entering study in 1979 (N=12,686) when age 14-22 CSE measured with items collected 1979, 1980, 1987, 1992 Average income measured 1994-2002 Question #5How Does CSE Work?

  31. I have little control over the things that happen to me (r) There is little I can do to change many of the important things in my life (r) What happens to me in the future mostly depends on me I feel that I am a person of worth, on an equal basis with others I feel that I have a number of good qualities All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure (r) I feel I do not have much to be proud of (r) I wish I could have more respect for myself (r) I’ve been depressed (r) I’ve felt hopeful about the future What happens to me is of my own doing When I make plans, I am almost certain to make them work Measure of CSE in NLSConstructed from Items Measured 1979-2002 Question #5How Does CSE Work?

  32. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Predicted Income 1994-2002 Parents’ Education in 1979 Source: Judge and Hurst (in preparation)

  33. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Predicted Income 1994-2002 Roofer Carpenter Musician Therapist Economist Waiter Plumber Nurse(RN) Manager Chemist Parents’ Occupational Prestige 1979 Source: Judge and Hurst (in preparation)

  34. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Predicted Income 1994-2002 Childhood Poverty 1979 Source: Judge and Hurst (in preparation)

  35. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Predicted Income 1994-2002 Years of Education Source: Judge and Hurst (in preparation)

  36. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Predicted Income 1994-2002 High School Grade Point Average Source: Judge and Hurst (in preparation)

  37. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Predicted Income 1994-2002 SAT Score Source: Judge and Hurst (in preparation)

  38. One final issue: CSE may predict criteria because it is more state-like Self-esteem and emotional stability show signs of both continuity and change Even if one accepts that self-concept does change: Change must be predictable Change must be lasting Question #5How Does CSE Work?

  39. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Note: Orange bars/numbers are average stability across traits accordingto Roberts & DELVecchio (JPSP, 2000) .60 .60 .54 .43 .43 --- From: Trzesniewski, Donnellan, & Robins (JPSP, 2003)

  40. Forces that work against change self-verification ego defensive threats to self-esteem Crocker argues that self-esteem is unstable when it is Contingent, especially when contingent on external vs. internal things EX: other’s approval, appearance, competence IN: family support, virtue, “God’s love” Question #5How Does CSE Work?

  41. Question #5How Does CSE Work? Percent Time Chosen Choice of Evaluation Source: Judge, Cable, and Klinger (in progress)

  42. 6 Questions 1. Is there a broad self-concept factor (CSE) that causes indicators like self-esteem? 2. How does the broad factor (CSE) relate to various work and life outcomes? 3. Does CSE add beyond the five-factor model? 4. Can one be too positive (overly self-positive)? 5. How does CSE work (how, when, what [Swann])? 6. What are remaining unanswered questions?

  43. CSE construct Are other traits – PA, NA, optimism, hope – indicators of CSE? (Schmitt, 2006) Role of LOC (far and way poorest indicator) Pursuit of high CSE may be costly Crocker: reasons underlying pursuit matter Defensive CSE Motivation to maintain positive self-concept has costs Question #6Other Issues? (topics under current or prospective study)

  44. Positivity and reality Optimism, pessimism, and positive illusions Religion and religiosity Insufficient attention in I-O/OB to negative states? HR implications Are we creating “Stepford Organization”? What about for employees already hired? Future ResearchBroad Questions: +/POS

  45. Emotional labor Is emotion work always “laborious”? Is emotion work more costly for introverts? Emotions and work-family interface Work-family conflict and emotions Effects of spouse on emotions and work-family attitudes at home Personality Capitalizing on positive events at work Courage: Its nature and relevance to I-O/OB Future ResearchOngoing Studies: Other Areas

  46. Future Research Percent of studies

  47. Yet to see criteria for which CSE is ‘bad’ But, of moderate importance in general and surely of limited importance to some “A fruitful way of looking at variation is in terms of trade-offs of different fitness benefits and costs” – Nettle (American Psychologist, 2006) Links to papers ConclusionIs CSE a Universal Value Orientation? www.ufstudies.net/tim/VITA/index.htm

More Related