1. Making presentations Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

2. Don’t forget Quiz 10 (the last one!) due this Friday. • Class Experiment Final Drafts are due in labs this week. Announcements

3. Presenting your research • Posters • Talks • Papers Review Chapter 8 Presentation Types

4. To present your work/theory/research • Get feedback • It is an opportunity for peers to ask you questions about your work • For you to ask them questions • You want your audience to walk away remembering a few key points • So your goal is to be as clear as possible Why do presentations?

5. Consider your audience - who are they, what do they want, what do they already know • Start collecting the things that you think that you’ll need - graphs, tables, pictures, examples, data analyses, etc. • Determine the key points that you want them to remember • focus your presentation on these points • Camping trip analogy • Your initial pack usually has too much stuff • Need to figure out what to take out • Practice, rehearse, and then practice again Presentation Preparation

6. Broad Hourglass shape • Introduction of the issue • Background information • Specific hypotheses • Design • Results • Interpret the results • General Conclusions Specifics of your study Broad Rough sketch of a presentation

7. Stick to the hourglass shape for content • Balance of text and figures • Use bullet points • Give example stimuli • Use large enough font to read from 6 feet away • End with 3 or 4 key “take home” points • Decide what these are at the beginning, and then construct the poster so that they are the logical take home points Poster content APA suggestions here | here IBNS - What is the "Poster Session"?

8. Initial sketch/outline • Rough layout • Balance (text/pictures, data/conclusions) • Typography • Movement • Simplicity • Final layout Preparing the poster

9. FLOW Title Authors and affiliation Introduction • Not a lot of detail • Just the main points • Hypotheses & predictions Results • Graphs/tables • Bullet points of main results Conclusions • 3 or 4 take home points • Potential limitations Methods • Not a lot of detail • just the main points • Participants • Design • IVs & DVs • Examples of stimuli References • If you cite something give the full reference

10. FLOW Title Authors and affiliation Methods Results Introduction Conclusions References

11. Percent recall • main effect of stimulus type • main effect of mnemonic • no interaction mnemonics No mnemonics pictures words Methods References Conclusions The pen is mightier than the brush: Using mnemonics Leon DaVinci and Bill Shakespear Illinois State University Introduction • Remembering things is often a challenge in everyday life. “What was I supposed to get at the grocery store?” (Cutting, 2000) We examined two factors We predicted: • mnemonic devices will help memory for both pictures and words • effect larger for words than pictures Results • Stimulus type matters: participants remembered words better than pictures • Use of mnemonic devices helps memory performance • Potential limitations • stimulus type: pictures/words • use of mnemonics • 900 native English speakers • 2 x 2 between groups design • Measured the percent correctly recalled items from a free recall procedure • 24 pictures and words words pictures books Cutting J. C. (2000). Finding things in your house. Journal of Memory and Stuff, 17, pg 1-230. frog

12. Arrive early and set up • Author(s) stand next to poster • Have a short “walk through” presentation ready • Answer questions (also ask questions) • Handout copies of the poster available (sometimes), or a request sign-up Presentation of the poster Giving an Effective Poster Presentation Poster Presentation Basics

13. Content • Introduction • Problem of interest • Very brief summary of past research • Basic purpose of experiment(s) • Hypotheses • Method • Brief but clear • Design • Materials • Procedure (brief) Your posters (our checklist) Lab manual pg 99

14. Content cont. • Results • Descriptive statistics • Inferential results • Discussion • Hypothesis rejected or supported • Implication of results • A few take home points • References • Tables and figures • Useful info to reader • Easy to understand Your posters (our checklist) Lab manual pg 99

15. Format • Overall clarity • Organization • Font size • Figure/text balance • Title • Authors Your posters (our checklist) Lab manual pg 99

16. Purpose of poster session • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iJ2K6qJ4Uw • Poster Tips • https://www.csun.edu/plunk/documents/poster_presentation.pdf • http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/cpurrin1/posteradvice.htm • http://www.asp.org/Education/Howto_onPosters.html • http://colinpurrington.com/tips/poster-design • http://www.organizingcreativity.com/2012/04/conference-posters/ • http://www.kmeverson.org/academic-poster-design.html • https://www.ncsu.edu/project/posters/index.html • http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/webfiles/agalvez/poster/ • http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/webfiles/agalvez/poster/poster_making/entry.htm • Style guide for posters and talks • http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4316118.aspx Other sources of poster tips Giving an Effective Poster Presentation Poster Presentation Practice & Feedback Poster Presenting Tips : Cal NERDS' Student Research Poster Presenting Tips

17. Research Presentations • (typically 10 to 30 mins) • Paper with respondent • Panel Presentation • Workshop Different kinds of talks

18. Create a logical progression to the talk • Hourglass shape • Work on the transitions between slides • Be brief, but include enough details so that the audience can follow the arguments • Use slides to help simplify/clarify points • Include tables, graphs, pictures, etc. • Don’t just read the slides • but do “walk through” those that need it (e.g. graphs of results) • Be careful of jargon, explain terms (if in fact you really need them) Talk Content

19. Make it smooth (lots of practice will help) • Watch your speaking rate (again, practice) • Maintain eye contact with whole audience • Emphasize the key points, make sure that the audience can identify these • Point to the slides if it helps • Beware jokes, can be a double-edged sword • Don’t go over your time Presentation of the talk

20. Repeat the question in your own words • so that the rest of the audience can hear it • to make sure that you understood the question • to buy yourself some time to think about the answer • Try not to be nervous • you know your study better than anyone else • When preparing, try to think of likely questions and prepare answers Dealing with questions

21. Preparation • Analyze the audience • Choose your main points • etc. • Prepare the Final Outline • fix any problems/loose ends • Construct your “speaking” outline • e.g., the note cards that you’ll read • Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse Checklist for the talk

22. Finishing up statistics • T-tests & ANOVA • What they test • How to report these results Next time

23. XA XC XB • Designs • More than two groups • 1 Factor ANOVA, Factorial ANOVA • Both Within and Between Groups Factors • Test statistic is an F-ratio • Degrees of freedom • Several to keep track of • The number of them depends on the design Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

24. Observed variance F-ratio = XA XC XB Variance from chance • More than two groups • Now we can’t just compute a simple difference score since there are more than one difference • So we use variance instead of simply the difference • Variance is essentially an average difference Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

25. XA XC XB • 1 Factor, with more than two levels • Now we can’t just compute a simple difference score since there are more than one difference • A - B, B - C, & A - C 1 factor ANOVA

26. The ANOVA tests this one!! Do further tests to pick between these XA = XB = XC XA ≠ XB ≠ XC XA ≠ XB = XC XA = XB ≠ XC XA = XC ≠ XB XA XC XB Null hypothesis: H0: all the groups are equal Alternative hypotheses HA: not all the groups are equal 1 factor ANOVA

27. XA ≠ XB ≠ XC XA ≠ XB = XC XA = XB ≠ XC XA = XC ≠ XB Planned contrasts and post-hoc tests: - Further tests used to rule out the different Alternative hypotheses Test 1: A ≠ B Test 2: A ≠ C Test 3: B = C 1 factor ANOVA

28. Reporting your results • The observed differences • Kind of test • Computed F-ratio • Degrees of freedom for the test • The “p-value” of the test • Any post-hoc or planned comparison results • “The mean score of Group A was 12, Group B was 25, and Group C was 27. A 1-way ANOVA was conducted and the results yielded a significant difference, F(2,25) = 5.67, p < 0.05. Post hoc tests revealed that the differences between groups A and B and A and C were statistically reliable (respectively t(1) = 5.67, p < 0.05 & t(1) = 6.02, p < 0.05). Groups B and C did not differ significantly from one another” 1 factor ANOVA

29. We covered much of this in our experimental design lecture • More than one factor • Factors may be within or between • Overall design may be entirely within, entirely between, or mixed • Many F-ratios may be computed • An F-ratio is computed to test the main effect of each factor • An F-ratio is computed to test each of the potential interactions between the factors Factorial ANOVAs

30. Consider the results of our class experiment X • Main effect of cell phone ✓ • Main effect of site type ✓ • An Interaction between cell phone and site type 0.04 -0.50 Factorial designs

31. Reporting your results • The observed differences • Because there may be a lot of these, may present them in a table instead of directly in the text • Kind of design • e.g. “2 x 2 completely between factorial design” • Computed F-ratios • May see separate paragraphs for each factor, and for interactions • Degrees of freedom for the test • Each F-ratio will have its own set of df’s • The “p-value” of the test • May want to just say “all tests were tested with an alpha level of 0.05” • Any post-hoc or planned comparison results • Typically only the theoretically interesting comparisons are presented Factorial ANOVAs