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Classification

Classification . Go to Section:. Slide # 2. Important Vocabulary. 1. Taxonomy : science of classification 2. Binomial nomenclature : two name naming system 3. Prokaryotic : cells without nucleus 4. Eukaryotic : cells with a nucleus

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Classification

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  1. Classification Go to Section:

  2. Slide # 2 Important Vocabulary • 1. Taxonomy: science of classification • 2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system • 3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus • 4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus • 5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food • 6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes

  3. Slide # 3 Finding Order in Diversity • Why organisms are given scientific names-- • Common names are misleading • To study the diversity of life star fish silverfish jellyfish None of these animals are fish! Go to Section:

  4. Slide # 4 Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms • This cat is commonly known as: • Florida panther • Mountain lion • Puma • Cougar • Some organisms have several common names Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Go to Section:

  5. Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify Grouped organisms together that were not related. System remained unchanged for almost 2,000 years. Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related. Go to Section:

  6. Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy • 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature • Two name naming system • Genus and species • Genus: noun species: adjective • Genus capitalized • species not capitalized • Both names are italicized or underlined • EX: Gray wolf: Canis lupus Carolus Linnaeus Go to Section:

  7. Slide # 7 • Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical Kingdom Most Inclusive • Which of the following contains all of the others? • Family c. Class • Species d. Order • Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: • Family c. Order • Genus d. Species Phylum Class Order Family Genus Least Inclusive Species Go to Section:

  8. Slide # 8 Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Coral snake Abert squirrel Sea star Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive! CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

  9. • Bony fish; paired fins • Jawed fish & cartilage • jawless Cladograms verses Phylogenetic Trees Cladogram: shows where novel characteristics originate that separate one group from the rest.• “Y” shaped diagram Phylogenetic tree: shows the paths taken by populations of organisms through many generations and over long periods of time. -- branching

  10. Slide # 9 Phylogenetic Trees • 1. Practice reading a phylogenetic tree 3. The striped skunk most closely related to: ______________________ European otter 4. Cats and wolves are classified in the same ______________ Order 5. Wolves and dogs are classified in the same ________________ Genus

  11. Slide # 10 Using Molecular Data to Classify • 1. How closely related one species is to another can be measured by comparing their genes and gene products. (proteins) • 2. The more closely related two species are, the more similar their DNA base sequences for a gene (protein). • 3. Can compare nucleotide sequence (for a gene) or the amino acid sequence (for a protein)

  12. Slide #11 Example of Using Molecular Data • The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — • A Q and T C Q and R • B R and S D Q and S Answer: Q & R Comparing Q & T: 10% difference Comparing Q & S: 6% difference Comparing Q & R: 3% difference Comparing R & S: 9% difference Comparing R & T: 13% difference Comparing S & T: 4% difference

  13. Slide # 12 Using a Taxonomic Key • 1. Also called a dichotomous key • 2. Consists of a series of paireddescriptions • 3. Begin with the first pair of descriptions; decide which is most appropriate • 4. Continue until all the pairs have been exhausted, or until you identify the specimen

  14. Slide # 13 Example of a Taxonomic Key • Worm 1 belongs to which category? • A. Acanthocephala C. Lumbricus • B. Ascaris D. Nais Answer: Lumbricus

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