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Crisis and Absolutism

This chapter explores the tumultuous period of the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, highlighted by religious wars, the rise of absolutism, and the struggle for power. It examines Spain's attempts to control the Protestant Netherlands and the ensuing independence movement, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the fallout for Spain's power. Additionally, it covers the French Wars of Religion, the English Revolution, and the establishment of absolutist rule under figures like Louis XIV. The chapter also delves into cultural developments and political thought, embodying the era's complexities.

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Crisis and Absolutism

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  1. Crisis and Absolutism Chapter 14

  2. Religious Wars • Militant religions • Spain (Catholic) • Netherlands (Protestant) • Philip II tries to strengthen his control, sends army • Netherlands win independence • Spain – Catholic power • England – Protestant power • Spain plans invasion of England • Overthrow Protestantism • Spanish Armada (1588) defeated • Spain falls from power • England and France are 2 main powers

  3. French Wars of Religion • Huguenots (nobles) – Protestant • Ultra-Catholics (crown and supporters) • Henry IV becomes King • Converts to Catholicism • Protestants have right to worship

  4. Crisis in Europe • Several other crisis in Europe – 1500’s and 1600’s • Witch hunts • Accused witches tortured and executed • Inflation leads to economic crisis • 30 Years War (1618-1648) • Holy Roman Empire • Catholic vs. Protestant • Other European powers get involved • Divides Empire – 300 independent states

  5. English Revolution • King vs. Parliament • Who has power over what? • Divine Right of Kings • Church of England vs. Puritans • Civil War • Cavaliers(King) vs. Roundheads (Parliament) • Roundheads win • King Charles I executed • Commonwealth establish • Monarchy returns with Charles II – 1660 • James I becomes king – 1685 • William of Orange (Dutch) invades – 1688 • William crowned king - 1689

  6. Absolutism • Response to crisis • Loius XIV “Sun King” – 1661 • Best example of absolutist ruler • Model for other rulers to follow • Establishes royal court at Versailles • Wages war to dominate Europe

  7. Other Rulers • Prussia • Frederick William • Larger Powerful army • Austria • Hapsburg Dynasty • Diverse Empire • Russia • Ivan the Terrible - 1580’s • Ruthless • Crushes the boyars • Peter the Great • Modernizes and Westernizes Russia – based on Europe • Makes Russia a power

  8. Culture • Mannerism • Marks end of Renaissance • Breaks down elements of Renaissance art – balance, harmony • Baroque • Movement after Mannerism • Dramatic art and Architecture • Associated with power – St. Peter’s Square • Literature and Drama 1580-1640 • Elizabethan Era • Drama (plays) very popular • William Shakespeare • His works appealed to everyone

  9. Political Thought • Concerns with power and order • Thomas Hobbes • Absolutism is needed to preserve order • John Locke • Anti-Absolutism • Natural Rights – Life, Liberty, property • Government protects the rights or remove government • Influences democracy, law, Declaration of Independence, Constitution

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