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What does the future hold for Europe? Unification? Instability?

Explore the evolution of European unity through supranational bodies like the European Union, as well as the challenges of devolution within states, such as in regions like Scotland and Catalonia. Delve into the history and impact of key European agreements, such as the Marshall Plan and the Treaty of Rome, and the development of common policies like the European Monetary Union and Common Agricultural Policy. Understand the implications of European integration on areas like foreign policy and economic development, and the significance of the EU for its citizens.

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What does the future hold for Europe? Unification? Instability?

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  1. Europe’s Modern Transformation • What does the • future hold • for Europe? • Unification? • Instability?

  2. Supranationalism and Devolution

  3. Contradiction • Devolution- • regions within a state demand political strength and autonomy at the expense of the central government • Supranationalism • three or more states combine for political, cultural, orcultural cooperation

  4. Devolution in Europe • Scotland • Northern Ireland • Wales • Flemish/French • Kaliningrad • Polish in Belarus • Basques • Catalonia • S. Tyrol • Corsica • Sardinia • Yugoslavia

  5. Early European Supranationalism • Outgrowth of the World War II • Benelux • Marshall Plan 1948-52 • 1948 Organization of European Economic Cooperation • 1949 Council of Europe

  6. European Supranationalism • 1944 • Benelux Agreement • Netherlands • Belgium • Luxembourg • Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals of the past century?

  7. 1947 – MARSHALL PLAN 1948 - Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1949 - Council of Europe 1951 - ECSC 1957 - Treaty of Rome 1958 - EEC effective 1959 - EFTA signed 1965 - EEC-ESC-EURATOM 1973 - EEC History of European Supranationlism

  8. Marshall Plan 1948-52 • Primary function • of the OEEC: • To accept and distribute funds allocated under the Marshall Plan 13 Billion $ from U.S. to help rebuild European countries

  9. European Iron and Steel Community-1951 • France, Italy, Germany, and Benelux shared: • iron • scrap • coal • finished goods • To maintain peace in Europe • To present a united front against communism • Out-of-date steel plants closed

  10. Common Market - 1958 • Objective - a single market in which the following flow freely: • goods and services • labor • markets • capital • Founders determined that Europe would never go to war again

  11. 1973 European Community - 9 Nations • France • Germany • Italy • Benelux • United Kingdom • Ireland • Denmark

  12. 1979 European Parliament • 410 directly elected representatives (MEPs) • Parliament meets in Strasbourg • New nations joined • 1981 Greece • 1986 Spain and Portugal • 1990 E. Germany 15 Nations

  13. Set goals and 279 directives for 15 nations Social Compact Environment Research Agriculture Regional Development Banking Foreign Policy 1991 Maastricht Treaty

  14. Common Agricultural Policy • Huge subsidies to agriculture absorb 50% budget • Inadequate controls lead to corruption • Surpluses sold at a loss

  15. European Monetary and Economic Union • Euro - a single European currency by Jan 1, 1999 • By 2002 European notes and coins • Complements European market with its free movement of: • people • goods and services • capital

  16. Development Areas Under the Structural Funds there are 3 Objectives: • Objective 1: promoting the development of regions whose development is lagging behind; • Objective 2: supporting the economic and social conversion of areas facing industrial decline • Objective 3: supporting the adaptation and modernisation of policies and systems of education, training and employment.

  17. Special Problem Areas • Political Asylum • Non EU Migrant workers • Terrorists • Guns, drugs, rabies, • Fear of Germany • Unemployment

  18. Development Areas

  19. GNI per capita

  20. What Does EU Mean to Citizens? • European citizenship and passport • Freedom of movement to live, study, and work • Cleaner air, water, and beaches • Better health and safety at work • Funds programs for elderly, poor, and disabled

  21. Foreign Policy • Ideal - a common foreign policy • Reality • Persian Gulf • Bosnia • Iraq

  22. € 2002 Euro Currency • 2002 Euro replaces national currency in most EU nations • Denmark, Sweden, and UK opt out of Euro

  23. 2004 Historic Expansion • 10 New nations join the European Union • Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia • Hungary, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus

  24. Potential Members • Other Eastern European nations anxious to join • to strengthen their weak economies • to safeguard fragile democracies • Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007

  25. European Supranationalism • EU Members • Non-members • Prospective Members

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