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Lecture 9

Lecture 9. Personality. Personality. Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times it ’ s an individual ’ s characteristic pattern of _______________, ______________, and acting.

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Lecture 9

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  1. Lecture 9 Personality

  2. Personality • Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times • it’s an individual’s characteristic pattern of _______________, ______________, and acting

  3. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

  4. Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalysis–techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

  5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is _______________, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, motives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness

  6. Freud’s Model of the Mind

  7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Personality structure Id Superego Ego

  8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Personality structure Id Unconscious portion of personality, contains most basic drives and stores repressed memories Superego Ego

  9. Id • Operates on the ______________ principle • Always pushes for immediate gratification (sexual, physical, and emotional pleasures) • Does not concern for ___________________ • Only part of the personality present at birth

  10. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Personality structure Id Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of ________________ Superego Ego

  11. Superego • Serves as the mind’s police force • Governs ___________ and ____________ • Provides standards for judgment • It is the inner voice of “shoulds” and “should nots” • Insists on doing what is _________ and moral

  12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Personality structure Id Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id Superego Ego

  13. Ego • Works to gratify the id’s impulses without violating moral’s principles • Operates on the ______________ principle • If pressures from the id, superego and environment intensify, conflicted and disturbed thoughts and behavior may occur, as reflected in mental disorder

  14. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage

  15. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Fixation– remain “stuck” in a particular stage because of inadequate resolution of that stage • Freud maintains that problems in adult personality reflect these fixations from childhood

  16. Psychosexual stages • Oral Stage (1-1.5 yrs)— • Characterized by oral stimulation by _________________________, crying, and babbling • The challenge in this stage is weaning from mother’s breasts • Fixation in the stage will result in later signs of problems such as smoking and nail-biting (if demand of nursing is not met), and gullibility (if nursing urges were satisfied excessively)

  17. Psychosexual stages • Anal Stage (1.5-3 yrs) • Pleasure source is from _______________ and _________________ feces • Challenge is toilet training and self control • Fixation in the stage will result in later signs of problems such as stinginess and stubbornness (if child takes the pleasure of retaining feces, and messiness (if child enjoys excreting maliciously)

  18. Psychosexual stages • Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs) • Pleasure source is stimulation of the ___________ • Challenge is resolving the Oedipus complex • Failure to resolve this conflict can cause the person to be afraid of close love, as well as become ________________________________

  19. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the sametime, identify with theirfathers

  20. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent

  21. Psychosexual stages • Latency Stage (6 to 12 yrs) • A period of unparallel repression of sexual desires and impulses • Convert this repressed impulse into ___________________ relationships • Fixation of this stage will lead to later signs of homosexuality

  22. Psychosexual stages • Genital Stage (12yrs onwards) • Child’s energy once again focuses on the genitals • Interested in _________________ relationships • If child remains fixated in the earlier oedipus complex and latent stage, he or she will likely experience difficulties at this stage

  23. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Ego defense mechanisms – the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality • Repression • Projection • Rationalization • Denial • Displacement • Sublimation • Reaction Formation

  24. Defense Mechanisms • Repression • An unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory • Projection • Attributes our own unconscious desires to other people or objects • Rationalization • explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the ___________________________ for the behavior.

  25. Defense Mechanisms • Displacement • Shifting your reaction from real source of your distress or anger to ______________ targets • Sublimation • Satisfying sexual or aggressive desires in ways that are ________________ in one’s culture • Reaction Formation • Acting in exact ___________ to their true feelings • Denial • Avoids a difficult situation by denying that it exists

  26. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory • Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection • Rorschach inkblot technique • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

  27. Assessing the Unconscious- Rorschach

  28. Thematic Apperception Test

  29. The Traits Perspective • Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions

  30. Patterns in Personality • The “Big Five” traits • Extraversion • Agreeableness • Neuroticism • Openness to experience • Conscientiousness

  31. The “Big Five” Personality Factors Trait Dimension Description Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus preference for routine Independent versus conforming Extraversion Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsive The Trait Perspective

  32. Traits and the Person-Situation Debate • Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior

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