1. When Europeans arrived in North America at the beginning of the sixteenth century:

1. 1. When Europeans arrived in North America at the beginning of the sixteenth century: • the native population was racially homogenous. • Indians had developed a variety of disparate cultures and languages. • Indians considered themselves a homogeneous culture with common origins. • the native population was limited to the warmer regions of Mesoamerica. • there were only a few thousand Indians and they spoke five basic languages.

2. 2. The “miracle crops” that first emerged in North America were: • cotton and indigo. • maize and potatoes. • beans and squash. • barley and rye. • wheat and rice.

3. 3. Christopher Columbus: • discovered a truly new world. • had little real influence on history. • established contact between two worlds. • was the first European to visit North America. • helped other Europeans understand the history of North America.

4. 4.The English colony at Roanoke: • became the model for subsequent European settlement in America. • mysteriously disappeared within a few years of being established. • eventually surrendered to Spanish military forces in 1595. • succeeded only after moving inland to find a healthier climate. • became profitable with the cash crop tobacco.

5. 5. The early French efforts in America were based on commerce, especially trade in: A. forest products. B. gold and silver. C. animal furs. D. food stuffs. E. tobacco and sugar.

6. 6. In the years from 1492 to 1590: • each of the major European powers developed similar policies for creating American settlements. • the English were able to establish the most powerful commercial empire in the Western Hemisphere. • French efforts in America failed while England and Spain enjoyed tremendous success in their colonies. • the Spanish, French, and English employed different approaches to establishing colonies in America. • the French succeeded in constructing the world’s most powerful empire on the backs of Indian and African labor.