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Part 1

Part 1. Carbohydrates. Bond energy. When bonds are broken, energy (E) is released for use. When bonds are made, energy (E) is stored. Glucose: A Monosaccharide. Fructose: A Monosaccharide. Sucrose: A Disaccharide. Carbohydrates. 1. Carbohydrates are: an important energy (E) source

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Part 1

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  1. Part 1 • Carbohydrates

  2. Bond energy • When bonds are broken, energy (E) is released for use. • When bonds are made, energy (E) is stored. Glucose: A Monosaccharide Fructose: A Monosaccharide Sucrose: A Disaccharide

  3. Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates are: • an important energy (E) source • Cellular structures 2. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 3. General Formula (CH2O)n C H2O hydrate Water = hydrate Carbon

  4. Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simplesugars) • Contain 3-7 Carbons each • Examples: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose Glucose

  5. Types of Carbohydrates, cont… Disaccharides (twosugars) • Examples: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose • Maltose = Glucose + Glucose • Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Sucrose Glucose Fructose

  6. Types of Carbohydrates, cont… Polysaccharides (manysugars) • Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Cellulose Starch Chloroplast Starch Liver Cell Cellulose Plant Cells Glycogen Plant Cells

  7. Check for Understanding… I’m a carbohydrate polymer made of 4 monomers. What are my monomers called? Monosaccharides, of course!

  8. Part 2Bond Energy and Energy Storing Compounds ATP, NADPH, FADH2, NADH

  9. How is energy stored in organic compounds? • When bonds are made by dehydration synthesis, energy is stored within the bonds of the compounds.

  10. How is energy released? • When bonds are broken by hydrolysis, energy is released from the bonds.

  11. What are some examples of common energy storing compounds? • ATP (Most important usable energy for the cell.) • NADPH • FADH2 • NADH

  12. How is ATP made? • ATP is made from the precursor AMP (Adenosine Mono-phosphate) • If a phophate and energy is added to AMP, ADP is created. • Furthermore, if another phosphate is added to ADP, ATP is created.

  13. A P A P P A P P P How ATP is Made • AMP • ADP • ATP

  14. Equation for ATP synthesis • ADP + P + energy  ATP

  15. How are NADPH, FADH2, and NADH made? • NADP+ + H+ + electrons  NADPH • FAD+ + H+ + electrons  FADH2 • NAD+ + H+ + electrons  NADH • Notice that high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are needed to create NADPH, FADH2 and NADH.

  16. Part 3Introduction to Photosynthesis

  17. 1. Mesophyll 1. Mesophyll A layer of cells that contain & are responsible for most of the plant’s photosynthesis chloroplasts Page 2

  18. Page 2 O2 CO2 2. Stomata Openings in plant leaves that allow for to occur gas exchange Carbon Dioxide (CO2) passes in and (O2) passes out. Oxygen

  19. Mesophyll Cell 3. Chloroplast The site of Photosynthesis Double-membrane bound organelle 4. Outer membrane 5. Inner membrane Page 2

  20. 8. Grana 6. Stroma 7. Thylakoid resides in these membranes Chlorophyll 8. Grana Page 2

  21. Page 4 Pathway of Photosynthesis On your own, balance this equation: CO2 + H2O + (Light) C6H12O6 + O2 Reactants must equal Products 6 6 1 6 6 6 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 12 12 18 18

  22. Label the image in your notes, and fill in the notes provided Thylakoid Page 4

  23. Page 4

  24. Page 4

  25. Photosynthesis: The Light Reaction Chloroplasts • are chemical factories powered by the sun. • Their thylakoids transform light energy into the energy of and . NADPH ATP Page 5

  26. The Nature of Light Page 5

  27. The Nature of Light • The particles of light are called . photons Page 5

  28. Page 5 Why are leaves green?Substances that absorb light are called pigments Carotenoids Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll absorbs and light, reflecting red blue green

  29. Fluorescence of Chlorophyll High energy state e- Heat Energy of electron Photon Fluorescence Ground state Chlorophyll molecule

  30. Photosystems: Harvest Light Photon Primary Electron Acceptor Electron Transfer (high energy state) Reaction Center Chlorophyll Transfer of Energy Antenna pigment molecules

  31. Light Reaction 5) Primary Acceptor 2e- 2e- Primary Acceptor Energy of Electrons ETC NADP+ + H+ NADPH making enzyme Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 2) Spliiting of water releases O2 gas and refills 2e- NADPH 3) Electrons “fall” in energy, moving through a protein complex called the ETC, and ATP is created from this energy H2O 2H+ + O2 2e- 4) photons 1) photons 2 e- ATP Photosystem I Photosystem II

  32. Mechanical analogy for the light reactions • Photon excites an electron in Photosystem II • ATP is produced during this stage (ETC) • The electron moves on to Photosystem I • An electron is excited by another photon • NADPH is produced

  33. ATP Synthetase • An enzyme embedded in the thylakoid membrane • Creates ATP from the electron’s energy in the ETC Thylakoid membrane

  34. ProteinComplex Enzyme

  35. Summary of the Light Reaction

  36. NADP+ NADPH + + 4e- 2e- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ATP ADP Pi

  37. Dark Reaction:An Overview • The General Formula for Photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + (Light )  C6H12O6 +6O2 • Which of these reactants has not been accounted for so far?

  38. ATP ATP & NADPH energy are used to convert CO2 into glucose NADPH CO2 This is done in a three-phase cycle… Sugar!

  39. STEP 1: Carbon fixation 5-Carbon Sugar (RuBP) + CO2 two 3-Carbon Compounds (PGA) RuBP PGA

  40. ATP and NADPH energy is used This energy rearranges atoms of PGA PGA changes into PGAL, a different 3-carbon sugar Phase 2: Makes PGAL, a 3-Carbon sugar PGAL

  41. Phase 2: Makes PGAL, a 3-Carbon sugar PGAL

  42. Let’s play the photosynthesis magnet board race!

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