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Essential Macromolecules: Understanding Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids & Nucleic Acids

Dive into the world of biochemistry as we explore the chemical makeup of living organisms through macromolecules. Discover how carbohydrates provide quick energy, proteins aid in long-term energy storage, lipids store and release energy, and nucleic acids contain genetic information. Learn about the formation of macromolecules through polymerization and the importance of monomers like monosaccharides and amino acids. Unravel the functions of these vital compounds, from structure and movement to immunity and digestion. Gain insights into the diverse roles and impact of macromolecules in the human body.

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Essential Macromolecules: Understanding Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids & Nucleic Acids

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  1. Compounds of Life

  2. Biochemistry- chemical makeup of living organisms. (carbon-based molecules)

  3. Macromolecules • Carbohydrate • Protein • Lipid  • Nucleic Acid

  4. How are macromolecules formed? • Polymerization- Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones. • Monomers- small units • Monosaccharide • Polymers- monomers that join together to form larger units • Polysaccharide

  5. CARBOHYDRATE • - compounds composed of C,H,O • - provides quick energy • - made of connected sugars • - end in –ose. Ex. Glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose

  6. Simple Sugar • Monosaccharides- Simple sugar, small chains providing quick energy. • Ex. Candy & soda- glucose, fruits

  7. Complex Sugar • long chains of sugar that must be broken to get energy. Ex. Pasta, Bread- overnight energy

  8. Starch • energy storage of plants produced in all plants. • (corn, potatoes, carrots)

  9. Cellulose • sugar produced by plants in the cell walls. Can’t be digested by some animals. (fiber)

  10. Chitin • tough sugar found in fungi and exoskeleton of some animals.

  11. Uses of too much carbs: • Damages teeth • Specialized diets for losing weight • Athletes Carbo-loading (Pasta Dinners) • Diabetes • Type 1- Juvenile • Type 2- Adult

  12. Protein • Long Term Energy • Complex chains of amino acids • Found in all animal meat- turkey, chicken, steak, fish, peanut butter, eggs, beans, nuts • Monomer is amino acids • Polymer is polypeptide

  13. Amino Acids- 20, combine to form protein, aid in chemical messaging and metabolism.

  14. Amino Acids • Held together by a peptide bond • A chain of amino acids is called Polypetide chain

  15. Function of Proteins • Movement- actin and myosin • Structure- collagen • Transport- hemoglobin • Nutrition- casein • Immunity- antibodies • Digestion- enzymes

  16. Lipids • Store and release energy (energy reserve)

  17. Saturated fat vs. Unsaturated fat • Saturated fat has a single bond while unsaturated fats have a double bond

  18. Function of Lipids • Fats- insulation, long term energy storage stored as glycogen • Ex.- • 1. Saturated- solid • 2. Unsaturated- Liquid • 3. Trans- Chemically modified Liquid into solid • 4. Triglyceride- 3 fatty acids, glycerol, (monomer) fat in the blood • 5. Omega 3 Fatty Acid- unsaturated fatty acid found in fish • Does not make polymers!

  19. Lipids • Waxes- repel water. Ex- plants, feathers, ear • Oils- long term energy, liquid fat made by animals and plants • Non-Soluble in water • Non-polar

  20. Steroids- special carbon ring structures • Cholesterol- structure of cell membranes • Sex Hormones- estrogen & testosterone • Cortico- medical,asthma- reduce inflammation • Anabolic- synthetic form of testosterone

  21. 2 parts of a lipid • Hydrophilic- water loving, head region • Hydrophobic- water fearing, tail region

  22. Phospholipid

  23. Nucleic Acid • Contain hereditary and genetic information that is passed to offspring. • 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (Polymers) • DNA • RNA

  24. 2 Functions of nucleic Acid • 1.) Heredity • 2.) Code for Protein • Sugars found in nucleic acids • Deoxyribose (DNA) • Ribose (RNA)

  25. Four bases of DNA & RNA • DNARNA • Adenine (A) Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) Uracil (U) • Guanine (G) Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C)

  26. Nucleotide monomers: Phosphate group, nitrogen base, and sugar –ribose or deoxyribose

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