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TAKS Physics

TAKS Physics. What do you know?. Main Topics. Speed = distance / time Acceleration = velocity change / time Newton’s laws (F = ma) Momentum (p = mv) Energy (conservation) Work and power and simple machines Density = mass / volume Circuits and electricity Waves light and sound

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TAKS Physics

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  1. TAKS Physics What do you know?

  2. Main Topics • Speed = distance / time • Acceleration = velocity change / time • Newton’s laws (F = ma) • Momentum (p = mv) • Energy (conservation) • Work and power and simple machines • Density = mass / volume • Circuits and electricity • Waves light and sound • Heat transfer

  3. Speed = distance / time • You might have to solve for any of these three parts.

  4. 4A IPC C 10-03 The diagram represents the total travel of a teacher on a Saturday. Which part of the trip is made at the greatest average speed? A Q B R C S D T

  5. 4A IPC D 10-03 A car traveled 150 km in 2.5 hours. What was its average speed in km per hour? A 37.5 km/h B 450 km/h C 75 km/h D 60 km/h

  6. 4A IPC D 11/05 The speed of sound in human tissue is about 1600 m/s. If an ultrasound pulse takes 1.5 x 10-5s to travel through a tissue, what is the thickness of the tissue? A 2.4 km B 2.4 m C 23 cm D 24 mm

  7. 4A IPC D 11/06 A cyclist moves at a constant speed of 5 m/s. If the cyclist does not accelerate during the next 20 seconds, he will travel --- A 0 m B 4 m C 50 m D 100m

  8. 4A IPC B 10/06 A driver traveled 270 km in 3 hours. The driver’s destination was still 150 km away. What was the driver’s average speed at this point? A 40 km/h B 90 km/h C 140 km/h D 420 km/h

  9. 4B IPC GB 10/06 C A D B Which graph can represent an object at rest?

  10. Acceleration = velocity change / time • Again, you may have to solve for any of these quantities. • Acceleration is measured in units of meters per second squared • m/s2

  11. 4A IPC A 11/04 According to this graph, what was the bicycle’s acceleration between 6 and 10 seconds? A 0.0 m/s2 B 0.65 m/s2 C 1.6 m/s2 D 6.5 m/s2

  12. 4A IPC C 11/06 The table above shows experimental data collected when four cars moved along a straight-line path. According to these data, which car moved with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2? A Car Q B Car R C Car S D Car T

  13. Newton’s laws (F = ma) • 1st Law - objects resist acceleration • An object at rest tends to remain at rest and an object in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

  14. Newton’s laws (F = ma) • 2nd Law – F = ma • force is equal to mass times acceleration • weight is equal to mass times gravitational acceleration • gravitional acceleration (g) = 9.8 m/s2

  15. Newton’s laws (F = ma) • 3rd Law – for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction • only two forces and only two objects • If object A applies a force on object B, then object B MUST apply the same size force on object A in the opposite direction.

  16. 4B IPC D 11/06 A hockey player pushed a puck toward the opposite side of a level ice rink. The player expected the puck to continue all the way across the ice, but the puck slowed and stopped before reaching the other side. Which of these best explains why the puck failed to slide all the way to the opposite side? A The puck’s temperature changed. B An upward force acted on the puck. C The puck’s momentum remained unchanged. D An opposing force acted on the puck.

  17. 4B IPC D 11/04 Which factor would most likely cause a communications satellite orbiting Earth to return to Earth from its orbit? A An increase in the satellite’s forward momentum B An increase in solar energy striking the satellite C A decrease in the satellite’s size D A decrease in the satellite’s velocity

  18. 4B IPC C The frog leaps from its resting position at the lake’s bank onto a lily pad. If the frog has a mass of 0.5 kg and the acceleration of the leap is 3 m/s2, what is the force the frog exerts on the lake’s bank when leaping? A 0.2 N B 0.8 N C 1.5 N D 6.0 N

  19. 4A IPC B 10-03 How much force is needed to accelerate a 1,300 kg car at a rate of 1.5 m/s2? A 867 N B 1,950 N C 8,493 N D 16,562 N

  20. 4A IPC D 11/05 Starting from rest at the center of a skating rink, two skaters push off from each other over a time period of 1.2 s. What is the force of the push by the smaller skater? A 16 N B 32 N C 88 N D 100 N

  21. 4A IPC JD 11/06 What is the net force exerted on a 90.0 kg race-car driver while the race car is accelerating from 0 to 44.7 m/s in 4.50 s? A 9.8 N B 20 N C 201 N D 894 N

  22. 4B IPC B 490N 11/04 How many newtons of force does a 50.0 kg deer exert on the ground because of gravity? A 49.0N B 490N C 59.8N D 1470N

  23. 4B IPC C 11/04 Which of these is the best description of the action-reaction force pair when the space shuttle lifts off from the launchpad? A The ground pushes the rocket up while exhaust gases push down on the ground. B Exhaust gases push down on air while the air pushes up on the rocket. C The rocket pushes exhaust gases down while the exhaust gases push the rocket up. D Gravity pulls the rocket exhaust down while friction pushes up against the atmosphere.

  24. 4B IPC D 11/05 The picture above shows the direction in which water leaves the scallop’s shell. Which picture below shows the direction the scallop will move?

  25. 4B IPC GB 11/06 When the air is released from a balloon, the air moves in one direction, and the balloon moves in another direction. Which statement does this situation best illustrate? A What goes up must come down. B For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. C The shape and size of an object affect air resistance. D The acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is 9.8 m/s2.

  26. 4B IPC D 10-04 The illustration above shows a student about to throw a ball while standing on a skateboard. Which illustration below correctly shows the skateboard’s direction of motion after the student releases the ball?

  27. Momentum (p = mv) • You may be asked to solve for any of these quantities. • Momentum MUST be conserved. (Along with mass and energy) • The unit is the kilogram meter per second • kg m/s

  28. 4A IPC JD 11/05 The table contains data for two wrecking balls being used to demolish a building. What is the difference in momentum between the two wrecking balls? A 300 kgm/s B 200 kgm/s C 150 kgm/s D 0 kgm/s

  29. 4A IPC D 11/05 A 0.50 kg ball with a speed of 4.0 m/s strikes a stationary 1.0 kg target. If momentum is conserved, what is the total momentum of the ball and target after the collision? A 0.0 kgm/s B 0.5 kgm/s C 1.0 kgm/s D 2.0 kgm/s

  30. 4A IPC HC 11/06 The 500 g cart is moving in a straight line at a constant speed of 2 m/s. Which of the following must to 250 g toy car have in order to maintain the same momentum as the cart? A An acceleration of 5 m/s2 for 2 seconds B A potential energy of 20 J C A constant velocity of 4 m/s D An applied force of 5 N for 5 seconds

  31. 4A IPC A 10/04 Which bike rider has the greatest momentum? A A 40 kg person riding at 45 km/h B A 50 kg person riding at 35 km/h C A 60 kg person riding at 25 km/h D A 70 kg person riding at 15 km/h

  32. 4A IPC D A ball moving at 30 m/s has a momentum of 15 kg.m/s. The mass of the ball is ___ A 45 kg B 15 kg C 2.0 kg D 0.5 kg

  33. 4B IPC 630 11/06 Car velocity = 6.3 m/s Driver velocity = 6.3 m/s Driver mass = 100 kg Car velocity = 0 m/s Driver velocity = 6.3 m/s Driver mass = 100 kg Car velocity = 0 m/s Driver velocity = m/s Driver mass = 100 kg The pictures show how an air bag functions in a collision. How much momentum in kg m/s does the air bag absorb from the crash-test dummy if all the crash-test dummy’s momentum is absorbed by the air bag?

  34. Energy (conservation) • Energy must be conserved • Kinetic energy = one half mass times velocity squared • KE = ½ m x v2 • Gravitational potential energy = mass times gravitational acceleration times height • PE = mgh

  35. Energy (conservation) • Energy MUST be conserved. • (Along with mass and momentum.)

  36. 4A IPC B 11/06 A 1-kilogram ball has a kinetic energy of 50 joules. The velocity of the ball is --- A 5 m/s B 10 m/s C 25 m/s D 50 m/s

  37. 6A IPC C What is the potential energy of the rock? • 59,000 joules • 64,600 joules • 93,100 joules • 121,600 joules

  38. 6A IPC B 11/06 What is the approximate difference in gravitational potential energy of the two shaded boxes? • 19J • 39J • 59J • 79J

  39. 6A IPC A 11/04 Solar Radiation and Earth Assuming the chart contains all energy transformations in the Earth system, how much solar radiation goes toward evaporating water? • 40,000 terajoules • 92,410 terajoules • 121,410 terajoules • 133,410 terajoules

  40. 6A IPC A 11/04 C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose Water Carbon Water Dioxide 3000 kJ 300 kJ 200 kJ 150 kJ Why is the sum of the product’s energy in this reaction less than the sum of the reactants’ energy? • Energy is given off as heat. • The products absorb available energy. • Energy is trapped in the reactants. • The reactants’ energy is less than the melting point of glucose.

  41. Work and power and simple machines • Work = force times distance • W = F x d • Power = work divided by time • P = W / t

  42. Work and power and simple machines • Work has NO time factor. • If the same force is applied over the same distance, the same work is done even if it is done faster in one case. • If work is done faster, more power is used. Power is how fast work is done.

  43. Work and power and simple machines • Two basic types of machines: • Lever type simple machines • (levers, wheel and axles, pulleys) and • Inclined plane type simple machines • (inclined planes, wedges, and screws)

  44. Work and power and simple machines • Simple machines may change direction of motion. (Like a pulley) • A machine may also trade distance for force OR trade force for distance. (A machine CANNOT do both.) • A machine CANNOT increase the WORK done.

  45. Work and power and simple machines • A simple machine increases output force over a shorter distance by requiring the force you put in to be applied over a longer distance. (You trade distance for force.)

  46. Work and power and simple machines • The mechanical advantage of a machine is force output divided by force input. • It is greater than 1 if the machine puts out more force than you put in. • It is less than 1 if the machine puts out less force than you put in.

  47. 4A IPC A 10-04 How much work is performed when a 50 kg crate is pushed 15 m with a force of 20N? A 300 J B 750 J C 1,000 J D 15,000 J

  48. 4A IPC B If a force of 100 newtons was exerted on an object and no work was done, the object must have --- A accelerated rapidly B remained motionless C decreased it velocity D gained momentum

  49. 4A IPC C 11/04 A mechanic used a hydraulic lift to raise a 12,054 N car 1.89 m above the floor of a garage. It took 4.75 s to raise the car. What was the power output of the lift? A 489 W B 1815 W C 4796 W D 30,294 W

  50. 4A IPC C 11/05 A horizontal force of 600 N is used to push a box 8 m across a room. Which of these variables must be known to determine the power used in moving the box? A The weight of the box B The potential energy of the box C The time it takes to move the box D The length of the box

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