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Turbo TAKS

Turbo TAKS. Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis. Lesson 1: Cells. 2 Types of Cells. Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES Example: Bacteria

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Turbo TAKS

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  1. Turbo TAKS Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis

  2. Lesson 1: Cells

  3. 2 Types of Cells Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus • CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES • Example: Bacteria • Study Trick: Remember that pro rhymes with no nucleus • Eukaryote- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleu • CELL CONTAINS A NUCLEUS • CELL CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES • Examples: Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungus

  4. MAJOR ORGANELLES

  5. CELL PROCESSES OVERVIEW • Permeability • Diffusion • Osmosis • Cell Division • Mitosis • Meiosis • Energy Conversion • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Storage & Transport

  6. Permeability (all cells): Cells contain a semi-permeable membrane that allows certain things in and out of the cell

  7. Diffusion (all cells): • Movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, • Disposes of wastes and brings in nutrients

  8. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  9. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  10. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  11. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  12. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  13. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  14. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  15. Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration) Membrane

  16. Photosynthesis (happens in plant cells): • Converts light energy (radiant energy) to chemical energy (glucose) • Light energy is used to convert CO2 to glucose in plants • Happens in the chloroplast

  17. Respiration (happens in all cells): Converts glucose into cell energy (ATP) in the mitochondria ATP

  18. Process: Photosynthesis Organism: Plant Place Occurs: Chloroplast CO2 and H2O ATP Glucose and O2 The products of Photosynthesisare the reactants of Respiration Process: Respiration Organism: ALL Place occurs: Mitochondria

  19. Mitosis (happens in all cells): Cell reproduction for growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic cells. Somatic cells are body cells (ex: liver, skin, kidney, etc.)

  20. Meiosis: Cell reproduction for the production of gametes (sex cells)

  21. Storage: • Vacuoles store water, food, and minerals (all cells) • Central vacuole in plant cells • Becomes flaccid if cell loses water • Becomes turgid if cell gains water

  22. Transport (all cells): • Endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins to the Golgi bodies to be packaged and processed Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body

  23. Lesson 2: Taxonomy

  24. Classification The largest and least specific category is a Kingdom There are 6 kingdoms: 2 prokaryotic and 4 eukaryotic Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order (KPCOFGS – see diagram) Organisms are called by their Genus and species name Ex: Homo sapiens

  25. Classification Animals most closely related will be in the same levels of classification Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?

  26. Kingdoms of Life • Prokaryotic Kingdoms • Archaebacteria • Live in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments) • Eubacteria • Bacteria found on and around us • There are good and bad bacteria

  27. Fungi Decomposers/ heterotrophic Mushrooms Protista Heterotrophs & Autotrophs Mostly single-celled Live in water Amoebas, paramecium, euglenas Has pseudopodia, cilia and/or flagella for movement Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic True roots, stems, and leaves Animalia Motile (can move) Multicellular Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Kingdoms:

  28. Lesson 3: DNA

  29. Phosphate group Deoxy-ribose Nitrogen Base P P P P D D T T A D D D D D D C C G G G P P P P Nucleotide A D P P D C Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure DNA is made of Nucleotides There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides... Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

  30. P P D T A D D D C G P P DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder) Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs with Thymine

  31. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be

  32. DNA replication • DNA makes an exact copy of its self • Happens before mitosis and meiosis Mutation • A change in the sequence of nucleotides • Can happen in any cell, but can be passed on to offspring only if it occurs in a gamete cell

  33. Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Protein

  34. Transcription (DNA mRNA) DNA codes for proteins The order of the nucleotides is the code for which a protein will be made TRANSCRIPTION is making o copy of DNA into mRNA (A = U; C=G) Occurs in the nucleus

  35. Translation (mRNA Protein) The message on the mRNA is read by a ribosome The message is translated into a protein Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes Video: http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/translation/movie.htm

  36. Genetic Code • Every three letters on mRNA is a codon • A codon codes for an amino acid • Ex: CCC codes for Proline

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