1. Human Reproductionand Development Starr/Taggart’s Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e Chapter 45

2. Key Concepts: • The human reproductive system consists of a pair of gonads and accessory glands • In response to signals from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, gonads release sex hormones • Testosterone, LH, and FSH control male reproductive function

3. Key Concepts: • Human females are fertile on a cyclic basis • Estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH are hormones that dominate cyclic activity • Human embryonic development starts with gamete formation and proceeds through different stages after fertilization

4. Male Reproductive Structures

5. Male Reproductive Structures and Glands

6. Sperm Formation • In testis • Seminiferous tubules • Spermatogenesis • Spermatocytes • Vas deferens • Glands • Prostate • Seminal vesicles • Bulbourethral

7. Hormonal ControlNegative Feedback Loop • Hypothalamus • GnRH • Anterior pituitary • LH, FSH • Leydig cells in testes • Testosterone

8. Female Reproductive Structures

9. Menstrual Cycle Overview • Follicular Phase • Menstruation • Endometrium breakdown and buildup • Maturation of oocyte • Ovulation • Release of oocyte from ovary • Luteal Phase • Corpus luteum • Endometrium gets ready for pregnancy

10. Cyclic Changes in the Ovary • Granulosa cells • Follicle • Zona pellucida • Corpus luteum

11. Hormonal Control in the Menstrual Cycle • Hypothalamus • GnRH • Anterior Pituitary • FSH • LH • Ovaries • Estrogen • Progesterone

12. Changes in the Ovary and Uterus Hormonal changes Ovarian and Uterine changes

13. Fertilization • Sperm surround ovum • Cap releases acrosomal enzyme • Zona pellucida of ovum • One sperm penetrates • Oocyte completes meiosis II • Sperm and egg nuclei fuse • Zygote

14. Formation of the Early Embryo

15. Early Embryo and Implantation

16. Amniotic cavity Amnion Yolk sac Chorion Allantois Cells of blastocyst secrete HCG Stimulation of Corpus luteum Progesterone Estrogen Extra - Embryonic Membranes

17. Embryonic Period of Vertebrate • Primitive streak • Notochord • Brain and spinal cord

18. Maternal and Fetal Blood Circulation • Diffusion of O2, CO2 and other solutes

19. Placental Development

20. Embryo at 4 Weeks

21. Fetus at 16 Weeks • Reflex actions • Limb differentiation

22. Sensitivity to Teratogens During Pregnancy

23. Nutrition Diet Extra vitamins Increased calories Infections Bacteria Rubella virus Prescription drugs Tranquilizers Barbiturates Anti-acne medication Antibiotics Alcohol Cocaine Cigarettes What Can Affect Development?

24. Birth • Labor • Oxytocin • Uterine contractions

25. Nourishing the Newborn • Lactation • Glands activated • Prolactin

26. Control of Human Fertility

27. AIDS HIV Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Syphillis Treponema pallidum Chlamydial Infection Chlamydia trachomatis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Chlamydiaand Gonorrhea Genital Herpes Herpes simplex virus Genital warts Papilloma virus Sexually Transmitted Diseases

28. In Conclusion • Humans have reproductive organs which produce either sperm or oocytes • In males, the hormones LH, FSH, and testosterone control spermatogenesis • The hormones estrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH control the maturation and release of oocytes

29. In Conclusion • A menstrual cycle includes a follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase • After fertilization, cleavage produces a blastocyst that implants in the endometrium • Four extraembryonic membranes form as the embryo develops: the amnion, yolk sac, chorion and blood vessels for the placenta

30. In Conclusion • The placenta allows embryonic blood vessels to develop independently from the mother’s allowing diffusion of nutrients and wastes • Nutritional deficiencies, infections, drugs, alcohol and cigarettes can affect the developing fetus • Mammary glands are stimulated by prolactin to produce milk after birth • developed by M. Roig