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An Overview of the Skeletal System: Structure, Functions, and Disorders

This comprehensive overview of the skeletal system details its essential functions such as support, protection, movement, lipid storage, and hematopoiesis. It covers the two main divisions—axial and appendicular—along with bone markings and classifications. Key topics include long bone anatomy, bone composition, growth and remodeling processes, and types of fractures. The overview also addresses joint classifications and disorders like arthritis and osteoporosis, providing insights into joint movement and treatment options for fractures.

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An Overview of the Skeletal System: Structure, Functions, and Disorders

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Presentation Transcript

  1. SKELETAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW

  2. FUNCTIONS • Support • Protection • Movement-levers • Storage-lipids, Ca, P • Formation of blood cells-hematopoiesis

  3. STRUCTURE Two Divisions • Axial • Appendicular

  4. BONE MARKINGS Two Categories • Processes/projections • Depressions/cavities

  5. LONG BONE • Gross anatomy • Microscopic anatomy • Bone formation • Bone fractures

  6. COMPOSITION • Lacunae-spaces containing osteocytes • Lamellae-rings of hard, calcified substance • Haversian canals-run longitudinally in bone • Canaliculi-small canals that contain osteocytes

  7. COMPOSITION, cont • Volkmann’s canals-blood vessels, nerves (from periosteum), enter compact bone area which is connected to medullary canals

  8. GROWTH • Epiphyseal plate provides for long growth during childhood • New cartilage formed continuously and old cartilage broken down at same time • Controlled by hormones • Ends at end of adolescence because epiphyseal plate is converted to bone

  9. REMODELING • Old bone destroyed by osteoclasts • New bone made by osteoblasts • Stress of muscle pull and gravity determines what bones formed or were broken down • Bedridden people lose bone mass and subjected to stress

  10. BONE FORMATION and GROWTH • Begins 7th week in utero • 2 kinds: Intramembranous-replacing preexisting connective tissue with bone: hyaline membrane covered with bony matrix by osteoblasts Endochondrial-ossification

  11. ENDOCHONDRIAL • Occurs in most bones • In diaphysis, cartilage degenerates, leaving cavitiesmarrow cavities • Osteoblasts lay down bone • Ossification occurs in epiphysis, where bone replaces cartilage, except plate • Low Ca levels cause change on PTH, causing osteoclasts to destroy bone cells

  12. FRACTURES • Compound • Simple • Compression • Depressed • Impacted • Spiral • Greenstick

  13. TREATMENT of FRACTURES • Reduction-realignment of ends • Closed-Dr., by hand • Open-surgery, pins, wire

  14. JOINTS AND ARTICULATIONS • Position of bony parts is changed • Occurs at the joints • Less movement at closer fittings of bones

  15. CLASSIFICATION • Synarthroses-no movement: skull, sternum, sacrum • Amphiarthroses-little movement: vertebral column, rib cage, axial skeleton • Diarthroses-movement: synovial joint-ball/socket, hinge, pivot, sliding

  16. Disorders of the Joints: Arthritis • Osteoarthritis- chronic, degenerative, affects articular cartilage of the aged (“wear and tear” arthritis)→ exposes bone tissue • Rheumatoid arthritis-chronic, autoimmune, joints swell as synovial fluid accumulates, WBC enter and produce pannus that erodes articular cartilage→ scar tissue which ossifies and bone ends fuse; onset usually 30-40 years of age

  17. Arthritis

  18. GOUT

  19. ARTHRITIS, con’t • Gout- uric acid accumulates in the blood and depositied in joints, affects single joint; common in males, after age 30 (can lead to immobilization of joint)

  20. OSTEOPOROSIS

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