Microbiology ERT 144

1. Microbiology ERT 144 Introduction to the course Explore the history and foundation of microbiology

2. 10) Hasilpembelajaran / Learning Outcome CO1: Ability to infer historical aspect and explain fundamental concepts of microbiology CO2: Ability to classify the characteristics of bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa CO3: Ability to apply and follow basic microbiological techniques CO4: Ability to discuss the role of microorganisms in food and industrial application and their harmful effects to plants and animals Infer : deduce, derive

3. NOTA 5: LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY Knowledge: Define, introduce, describe, name, relate, explain, identify and remember concepts and principles. Repetition: Repeat and discuss concepts and principles. Application: Apply, demonstrate, interpret and illustrate concepts and principles. Analysis: Learn to calculate, solve, compute, compare, derive. Evaluation: Learn to evaluate, decide, recommend, justify, assess. Synthesis: Learn to design, conduct, perform, create, produce, propose new task and design.

4. ) Pendekatanpembelajaran/ Learning approach: (sbg. contoh – kuliah, seminar, amali, lawatan, tutorial, dll. Silanyatakansekalibilangan jam) • Lecture : 42 hours (60%) • Lab : 14 hours (20%) Tutorial : 14 hours (20%) (12) Sumbanganpenilaian/ Evaluation contribution: (i) Peperiksaan / Examination: 70% • Mid Term Examination 1 = 10% • Mid Term Examination 2 = 10% • Final Examination = 50% (ii) Kerjakursus/course work: 30% (iii) Perinciansumbangankerjakursus/details of course work contribution: (Silaperincikansatupersatudenganperatusansetiapsatusumbangan) Laboratory report : 15% Assignment / quiz : 15%

5. BukuTeks: 1. Black, J.G. 2008. Microbiology: principles and explorations 6th edition. John Wiley, New York. BukuRujukan: 1. Bauman, R. 2007. Microbiology with diseases by taxonomy 2nd Edition. Pearson Education, Prentice Hall. 2. Cowan, M.K. 2006. Microbiology: a systems approach 1st edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

6. The Microbial World and You

7. What is Microbiology? Science of microbes • Microbes, or microorganisms • minute living things • usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. examples of microbes Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses Pathogenic & non pathogenic

11. Microbes: Decompose organic waste Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

13. Knowledge of Microbes allows humans to Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease occurrence Plan the production of chemicals

14. History of Microbiology

16. History of Microbiology The first microbes were observed in 1673. In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells.

18. History of Microbiology 1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

19. History of Microbiology there were two hypotheses: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ Forms life. The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.

20. History of Microbiology Many believed spontaneous generation: life can arise from non-living matter In 1668, the Italian physician Francesco Redi performed an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation. Can you think of an experiment that could disprove spontaneous generation?

22. (A) When jars of decaying meat are left open to the air, they are exposed to flies; the flies lay their eggs on the meat, and the eggs hatch to maggots. Supporters of spontaneous generation believed that the decaying meat gives rise to the maggots. (B) Redi covered the jars with parchment and sealed them so the flies could not reach the decaying meat. No maggots appeared on the meat, and Redi used this evidence to indicate that the maggots did not arise from the meat but from flies in the air.

23. History of Microbiology Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.

25. History of Microbiology 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

27. History of Microbiology Next experiment, Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. These experiments form the basis of aseptic technique

29. History of Microbiology Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.

30. History of Microbiology Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).

31. History of Microbiology The Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914 Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

34. History of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus. 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.

35. History of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease • 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

36. History of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young rival

37. History of Microbiology Koch's Postulates are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.

38. History of Microbiology Koch's Postulates are a sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.

39. History of Microbiology A young milkmaid informed the physician Edward Jenner that she could not get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox. 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. Called vaccination from vacca for cow The protection is called immunity

40. History of Microbiology What can you say about the cowpox and smallpox viruses?

41. History of Microbiology Vaccinations produced from avirulent microbial strains produced from live viruses produced from viral particles

42. History of Microbiology Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals • Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. • Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. • Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.

43. History of Microbiology Chemotherapy – treatment with chemicals • 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. • 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.

44. History of Microbiology 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

45. Modern Developments • Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. • Mycology is the study of fungi. • Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. • Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.