The Second Feudal Age (950-1350 AD)

1. The Second Feudal Age(950-1350 AD) -Key Concepts-

2. I. Similarities to First Feudal Age • Continuation of feudalism -- “public authority in private hands” • Continued economic importance of manorialism • Continued importance of feudal relationships • Centrality of the Church to medieval culture

3. II. Differences from the First Feudal Age

4. A. Reduction in Violence • Magyars defeated in 955 and begin to settle in what will be Hungary • Infighting among Muslims • Vikings simply stop marauding and settle down

5. A. Reduction in Violence (cont) • Walls built around towns • Dominance of Siege Warfare • Church attempts to “tame” warfare -- “peace of God” -- “truce of God”

6. B. Agricultural Revolution • Improvement in climate • Population decline of previous centuries led to search for new technologies -- “carruca” --new yoke and harness system for draft animals • Seed yield shoots up=more food

7. B. Agricultural Revolution (cont) • Population increases promoting town growth • Tremendous search for more land • Serfs become free peasants paying rent • Agricultural specialization develops in regions

8. C. Population Increase • Birth rate up and death rate down • European-wide population explosion --1100 AD = 42 million --1300 AD = 72 million • Regional population bursts • Between 1066 and the Black Death (1347-1351), the population of England, Scotland and Wales tripled to 5-6 million while the population of France grew to 20 million

9. C. Population Increase • No major famines or plagues between 1000-1200 AD • Malaria and leprosy were the real medical problems of the era • More people for the lords to tax

10. D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality • Aggressive approach to land reclamation • Peasants given freedom in exchange for bringing land under cultivation • The Crusades • Urban II calls for the First crusade in 1095 -- “Reconquista”

11. D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality (cont) • Varying motivations for participation in the Crusades • The Crusades justified by the Church as a “just war” • 8 Crusades and 2 Children’s Crusades in 1212 • The First and Second Crusades

12. D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality (cont) • The Third Crusade --King Richard I (“Lionhearted”) of England --King Phillip II Augustus of France --HRE Frederick Barbarossa of Germany • The Fourth through the Sixth Crusades

13. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality(cont) • The Children’s Crusades • Results of the Crusades for Italian towns and European Kings • First widespread attacks on European Jews --Peasants Crusade led by Peter the Hermit

14. D. Aggressive, Optimistic Mentality (cont) • Western Europe became vulnerable to attack from the east • The power of women increased • Improved knowledge of engineering and fortification • Creation of military monastic orders --Hospitallers --Templars

15. E. Revival of Town Life • Origins of Town Development • Expanding of city walls • The original “suburbs” • Towns were a magnet for the unemployed • Key Italian cities surpassed a population of 100,000 by the mid-1200’s • Paris and London were at 50,000

16. E. Revival of Town Life (cont) • Most cities numbered between 10,000-20,000 • By 1300, 10% of the population of western Europe lived in cities • Towns were service centers for reemerging long distance trade and sources of money • Struggle for autonomy with lords

17. E. Revival of Town Life (cont) • Origins of “Communes”: representative town government • Inter-city warfare in Italy • By the end of the 1200’s, most Italian cities were under despots • The exception = Florence and Venice --Medici family

18. E. Revival of Town Life (cont) • Town Life– “a world of perpetual shade” -- “burg” • Problems of overcrowding • Regulation of businesses • Walls as psychological symbols -- “ghetto” • The value of citizenship

19. E. Revival of Town Life (cont) • Great differences in social classes • Role of women in town life • Begging, prostitution, and law enforcement • Professional geographic diversity • Air pollution and water pollution • Life inside a towndweller’s home

20. F. Revival of Long-Distance Trade • Medieval Guilds—obstacle to long-distance trade --three levels of skill in the crafts -- “just price theory” • Medieval Craft Fairs • Chief commodities traded • Regulation of Craft Fairs

21. F. Revival of Long Distance Trade (cont) • Craft Fairs as town entertainment • Development of economic transactions • Funding of long-distance trade • Development of pre-modern banking system • Balance of trade problems at first • Towns ally with kings in the name of trade

22. G. Cultural Awakening

23. (1) Rise of the Medieval University • Origins of the Medieval University • The University of Bologna (1158) • The University of Paris • Medical Schools • Standard teaching method --summa • The “disputation” as an intellectual joust

24. (1) Rise of the Medieval University (cont) • Criticism of the teaching method • Religious foundations of university life • Granting of Degrees • The rigors of university academia • “Town versus Gown” conflict • Relationship to professors

25. (1) Rise of the Medieval University (cont) • The Medieval University Curriculum -- trivium -- quadrennium • The violence of University Life --Origins of Cambridge (1209)

26. (2) Medieval Scholasticism • Origins of Scholasticism • Product of Twelfth-Century Renaissance • Champions of Scholasticism --Anselm --Peter Abelard --Sic et Non

27. (2) Medieval Scholasticism (cont) • Greatest Scholastic of all was Thomas Aquinas --Summa Theologica --Synthesis of Aristotle and Christianity • Critics of Scholasticism --Bernard of Clairvaux --William of Ockham and Duns Scotus

28. (3) New Christian Art, Architecture and Drama • New art emphasized Jesus’ humanity and the personal, emotional religious experience • Veneration of Mary • Woolen tapestries replace painted murals • Romanesque Church structures (11th and 12th centuries)

29. (3) New Christian Art, Architecture and Drama (cont) • Gothic Cathedrals (12th and 13th centuries) • Exterior construction techniques • Gothic style matched an energized Europe • Cathedrals as a source of civic pride—built by generations of city craftsmen

30. (3) New Christian Art, Architecture, and Drama (cont) • City competition to build the highest Gothic Cathedral • The symbolism of cathedral interiors • The emergence of religious drama during the 13th century -- “mystery plays”

31. H. Religious Reform • The growth of religious abuses • “Lay investiture” problems • The Cluniac Order (910) --1350 houses by 1000 AD • The Cistercian Order • The appearance of urban monastic orders

32. H. Religious Reform (cont) • The Franciscan Order • The Dominican Order • The Carthusian Order • Dramatic increase in the number of women joining convents during the 12th century • The Waldensians • The reform of Papal elections in 1059

33. H. Religious Reform (cont) • Papal reformer Gregory VII --lay investiture conflict with HRE Henry IV --Concordat of Worms (1122) • Innocent III and the zenith of papal power

34. H. Religious Reform (cont) • Innocent III calls for a crusade against the Cathars in 1209 • Inquisition introduced in 1226 to finish the work of this crusade • Sanctions Franciscan and Dominican orders • Innocent calls the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215

35. III. Emerging European Monarchies

36. A. The Holy Roman Empire (Germany) • The view of kings as holy and untouchable -- “Divine right theory of kingship” • Original power of the HRE • Origins of political instability and fragmentation of monarchical power

37. A. The Holy Roman Empire (cont) • HRE seeks a power base outside of Germany in northern Italy and Sicily • Frederick I (Barbarossa) • Frederick II (1212-1250) was the first feudal monarch to establish a centralized administration and an army of soldiers paid in cash

38. B. France • Hugh Capet—the first French king after the end of the Carolingian dynasty (987) • Increasing power of monarchs over lords through time • Philip Augustus (1180-1223) • The reign of Louis IX (1226-1270)

39. B. France (cont) • Louis IX moral and religious authority • Age of scholasticism in Paris • Extension of royal justice through “Parlement” • Weakness of the Estates-General

40. C. England • King Alfred the Great (871-899) • More stable principle of succession • William the Conqueror (1066-1087) --The Battle of Hastings (1066) • Feudalism from the “top down” • The practice of “parleying”

41. C. England (cont) • The use of Anglo-Saxon officials to assert royal power on the local level • The “Domesday Book” (1086) • The rule of Henry I (1100-1135) --The Royal Exchequer • The rule of Henry II (1154-1189)

42. C. England (cont) • Judicial reform under Henry II -- “common law” • Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine • Their subsequent divorce and political turmoil • Henry II conquered part of Ireland and made the King of Scotland his vassal

43. C. England (cont) • Henry II and his confrontation with Thomas Becket (1164-1170) • Richard I (“The Lionhearted”) • Richard’s brother King John • John’s conflict with Philip Augustus, King of France

44. C. England (cont) • John abuses his vassals to raise money for war with Philip • King John’s battle with his vassals at Runnymede (1215) • The Magna Carta (1215) • The first Parliament met in 1295 • The roots of constitutional monarchy

45. IV. Christians and Jews • Origins of anti-Jewish sentiment in the Christian Church • Official church position on the Jews • Actual persecution of European Jews • Jewish expulsion from western Europe • Jewish theologians tried to harmonize faith with reason --Maimonides