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First Day: A few goals for the year

First Day: A few goals for the year. Skills you’ll need for English I that aren’t English I specific skills, exactly. Ideas. Literary Devices Notes. Mostly review, but a few new things too. Plot: The sequence of events in a story

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First Day: A few goals for the year

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  1. First Day: A few goals for the year

  2. Skills you’ll need for English I that aren’t English I specific skills, exactly.

  3. Ideas

  4. Literary Devices Notes Mostly review, but a few new things too.

  5. Plot: The sequence of events in a story • Setting: Time (period) and place of a story*Note: setting is often chosen specifically by the author as a device to create a certain mood for the reader. • Protagonist: Main character • Antagonist: Character that opposes the main character • Conflict: A struggle between 2 opposing forces Internal:Man struggling with his heart, mind, conscience, emotions, decisions, etc. (Man v. Himself)External: (Man v. Man, Man v. Nature, Man v. Society)

  6. Simile: A figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared using “like” or “as,” as in “she is like a rose.” (She is not literally a rose) • Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a term is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance. Example from Lil Wayne: Life is the girl, and Death is her sister/Sleep is the cousin, what an awkward family picture/You know Father Time, we all know Mother Nature/It's all in the family, but I am of no relation

  7. Point of view: The perspective from which a story is told. There are four points of view. • 1st Person -Story is told using the pronoun "I" or “we” • 2nd Person - Speaker speaks directly to the audience- "you" • 3rd Person Limited POV-Narrator tells the story from the viewpoint of only one character - "he," "she," or “it” • 3rd Person Omniscient POV-told by an “all knowing” narrator

  8. Theme/main message: The significant idea, concept, or argument in a work of literatureTheme vs. Subject The subject is the topic on which an author has chosen to write. The theme, however, makes some statement about or expresses some opinion on that topic. Example: the subject of a story might be war while the theme might be the idea that war is useless. • Mood: The overall emotion created by a work of literature (how it makes the reader feel). It usually can be described with one or more adjectives. Example: eerie, angry, peaceful. • Voice/Tone: The author’sattitude, stated or implied, toward a subject. Some possible attitudes are pessimism, optimism, earnestness, seriousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyful. An author’s tone can be revealed through choice of words and details.

  9. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story.Example: Hearing the theme music from “Jaws” right before the shark attacks the boat lets the viewer know that something bad is about to happen. • Genre: Category to which a literary work belongs- Some examples of popular genres include: gothic/horror, science fiction, romance, fantasy. • Suspense: A feeling of uncertainty, curiosity, or anxiety about what will happen next in a story • Pun: The use of words or phrases to exploit ambiguities in their meaning, usually for humorous effect; a play on words.Examples: speaking ill of the dead is a grave mistake; seven days without pizza makes one weak. • Juxtaposition: An act of placing two opposing ideas or things side by side for comparison or contrast. • Paradox: A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

  10. Imagery: Words or phrases that appeal to the five senses • Hyperbole: Exaggeration to make a point • Diction: Word choice • Denotation: Literal meaning of a word • Connotation: Set of associations that occur to people when they hear or read a word • Personification/Anthropomorphism: Giving an animal/object human characteristics • Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, or literary work • Archetype: Refers to characters, plots, themes and images that recur throughout the history of literature • Allegory: A literary device where words, people, things or actions represent an idea or generalization about life- Allegories usually have a strong lesson or moral.

  11. Character Character –generally the central or focal element in a short story (Why wouldn’t action be the focal element in a short story?). Four types of characters: i. Round – complex or presented in detail. ii. Dynamic – developing and learning in the course of the story. iii. Flat – characterized by one or two traits. iv. Static – unchanged from the story’s beginning to end.

  12. Characterization: The way the writer portrays the characters in a book, play, or movie Direct: When the author directly tells reader directly what character is like. Indirect: The information the reader learns about the character based on indirect information such as dialogue, action, thoughts or what other characters think/say about the character.

  13. Analyzing characters (what to look for) A. Motivation – cause of / reason for actions. B. Behavior – actions of the character. C. Consequences – results of actions. D. Responsibility – moral, legal, or mental accountability. E. Expectations – what the reader expects (does the character adhere to or define expectations?).

  14. Irony Irony: A contrast or discrepancy between expectations and reality In other words, the contrast between the way things seem and the way that they really are, or the difference between what is expected and what actually happens.

  15. Dramatic Irony When speeches or scenes in a play are understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play. Example: When the main character of a scary movie is about to walk through a door he doesn’t know contains a monster, but the audience does.

  16. Situational irony An outcome of a situation that turns out to be very different from what was expected, or the difference between what is expected to happen and what actually does. This form of irony often gets criticized because “what was expected” can be different depending on the audience. So where one person might find one situation ironic, another may not. Example: • The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around situational irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward, turns out to be bold and fearless. The people in Emerald City believed the Wizard to be a powerful deity, only to discover that he is a bumbling, eccentric old man with no special powers at all.

  17. Verbal Irony A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant. This form is easy to tell apart from the other two forms of irony because it is used intentionally, while the others are unintentional. There are many different types of verbal irony, but probably the most common one is sarcasm. Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony, since it too is an intentional figure of speech where what is meant is opposite of what is said. However, sarcasm is mainly used in order to hurt or offend someone, often in a very personal way. Verbal irony can be used in a positive OR negative light. Examples: Sarcasm: “Yeah, he’s kind of smart,” said Lisa after the dog ran into the glass screen for the third time in an hour. Verbal irony: “Yeah, he’s kind of smart,” Alexis said about the grad student earning his twentieth Ph.D.In the sarcastic example, Lisa really does not think the dog is smart. Alexis does think the grad student is very smart rather than just “kind of” smart, and uses verbal irony positively.

  18. Symbolism • Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. Symbolism conveys another significance other than its literal meaning, and is often seen throughout the whole story. When an author wants to suggest a certain mood or emotion, he can also use symbolism to hint at it, rather than just blatantly saying it. Symbolism can give a literary work more richness and color and can make the meaning of the work deeper. Examples of symbolism is found in colors: • Black is used to represent death or evil. • White stands for life and purity. • Red can symbolize blood, passion, or danger.

  19. Vocabulary Terms • Prefix: an affix placed before a base or another prefix Examples: un-  in unkind (base is “kind”), im- in impossible (base is “possible”) • Suffix: an affix that follows the element to which it is added Examples: -ly  in kindly, -ed in wanted • Root word: base to which prefixes and suffixes can be added

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