Turgay Korkmaz Office: SB 4.01.13 Phone: (210) 458-7346 Fax: (210) 458-4437 e-mail: korkmaz@cs.utsa.edu web: www.cs.u

1. CS 2073 Computer Programming w/Eng. Applications Ch 1 Turgay Korkmaz Office: SB 4.01.13 Phone: (210) 458-7346 Fax: (210) 458-4437 e-mail: korkmaz@cs.utsa.edu web: www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz

2. Lecture++;

3. Ch1: Engineering Problem Solving • Read Section 1.1 from the textbook • Recent Engineering Achievements • Microprocessor • Moon landing • Satellites • Computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing • Jumbo jet • Advance computer materials • Computerized axial tomography • Genetic engineering • Lasers • Optical fiber • Changing Engineering Environment • Communication skills (oral, written) • Concept-Design-process-manufacture • Interdisciplinary teams • Word marketplace • Analyzing-Synthesizing • Societal Context

4. Ch1: Engineering Problem Solving (cont’d) • Section 1.2: Computing Systems Computer: a machine that is designed to perform operations (set of instructions called program) to achieve a specific task (e.g., 3+4) Hardware: computer equipment (e.g., keyboard, mouse, terminal, hard disk, printer) Software: programs that describe the steps we want the computer to perform.

5. Computer Hardware Internal Memory External Memory • CPU - Central processing unit • ALU - Arithmetic and logic unit • ROM - Read only memory • RAM - Random access memory CPU Processor Input Output ALU In this sense, do you think we are like a computer? Yes + we have intelligence

6. Computer Software • Operating System - Provides an interface with the user • unix, windows, linux, ... • Software Tools • word processors (MicrosoftWord, WordPerfect, ...) • spreadsheet programs (Excel, Lotus1-2-3, ...) • mathematical computation tools (MATLAB, Mathematica, ...) • Computer Languages • machine language • assembly language • binary language • high level languages (C, C++, Ada, Fortran, Basic, java) • WE WILL STUDY C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE • General purpose, machine-independent language • Developed at Bell Labs in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie • American National Standards Institute(ANSI) approved ANSI C standard in 1989

7. Executing a Computer Program • Compiler • Converts source program to object program • Linker • Converts object program to executable program

8. Some Key Terms andSoftware Life-Cycle Phases • Source Program • printable/Readable Program file • Object Program • nonprintable machine readable file • ExecutableProgram • nonprintable executable code • Syntax errors • reported by the compiler • Linker errors • reported by the linker • Execution/Run-time errors • reported by the operating system

9. PROBLEM SOLVING Very Important

10. Ch 1.3 Problem Solving Methodology (must read) • 1. State the problem clearly • 2. Describe the input/output information • 3. Work the problem by hand, give example • 4. Develop a solution (Algorithm Development) • and Convert it to a program (C program) • 5. Test the solution with a variety of data

11. (x1,y1) (x2, y2) Example 1 1. Problem statement Compute the straight line distance between two points in a plane 2. Input/output description Point 1 (x1, y1) Distance between two points (distance) Point 2 (x2, y2)

12. Example 1 (cont’d) 3. Hand example side1 = 4 - 1 = 3 side2 = 7 - 5 = 2

13. Example 1 (cont’d) 4. Algorithm development and coding a. Generalize the hand solution and list/outline the necessary operations step-by-step • Give specific values for point1 (x1, y1) and point2 (x2, y2) • Compute side1=x2-x1 and side2=y2-y1 • Compute • Print distance b. Convert the above outlined solution to a program using any language you want (see next slide for C imp.)

14. Example 1 (cont’d)

15. Example 1 (cont’d) 5. Testing • After compiling your program, run it and see if it gives the correct result. • Your program should print out The distance between two points is 3.61 • If not, what will you do?

16. x1=2, y1=5, x2=10, y2=8, Modification to Example 1 How will you find the distance between two other points (2,5) and (10,8)?

17. Few Issues • We will study the details of this program and C language later… • The programming language is not the main part of problem solving! • Main part is to figure out the necessary steps and their orders(if you can develop solution then coding is easy) • For the same problem, we may come up with different and yet correct solutions. • Computers cannot think or develop a solution, they just follow your instructions and do the operations faster • Then how do computers do many things? Even play a game, for example chess?

18. Simple examples to develop solutions

19. x=3 cm y=4 cm x y area Compute the area of a triangle • State problem • I/O • Hand example • Develop solution and Coding • Testing area = ½ * 3 *4 = 6 cm2 • Get values of x and y • Compute area = ½*x*y • Print area

20. a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 Given two complex numbers z1=a1+b1*i and z2=a2+b2*i, find z3= z1+z2 • State problem • I/O • Hand example • Develop solution and Coding • Testing • Get a1 b1 a2 b2 • Compute a3 = a1 + a2 • Compute b3 = b1 + b2 • Print z3 = a3 + b3 * i

21. H total_sec M S Given the number of seconds, find number of hours, minutes and seconds • State problem • I/O • Hand example • Develop solution and Coding • Testing 3675 seconds can be written as 1 hour 1 min 15 sec • Get total_sec • H = total_sec / 3600 (integer division) • M = (total_sec – (H*3600)) / 60 • M = (total_sec mod 3600) / 60 • S = total_sec – (H*3600) – (M*60) • Print H hour, M min, S sec

22. A little bit difficult examples to develop solutions Some problems are from How to Solve it: Modern Heuristics by Michalewicz and Fogel. Springer 2004.

23. Example: Average speed • Suppose a car goes from city A to city B with speed of 40 mph and immediately comes back with the speed of 60 mph. • What is the average speed? • Can you generalize this solution and outline step by step to find average speed when the speed from A to B is X and the speed from B to A is Y?

24. Quiz: Dimensions of a rectangle ranch? • A farmer has a rectangular ranch with a perimeter of P=110 meters and an area of A=200 square meters. • What are the dimensions of his ranch? • What are the dimensions for any P and A? y x

25. z x y Example: Make a triangle with maximum area • Suppose you have a stick with the length of L meters. You want to divide it into three pieces with the length of x, y, and z meters, and make a triangle • Find x, y, z such that the area of that triangle is maximum. L

26. Example: Climbing a wooden post • A snail is climbing a wooden post that is H=10 meters high. • During the day, it climbs U=5 meters up. • During the night, it falls asleep and slides down D=4 meters. • How many days will it take the snail to climb the top of the post? • Given that H > U > D. Can you generalize your solution for any H, U, and D?

27. Minimum number of coins • Suppose you want to give x=67 cents to a person, what is the minimum number of coins • You have many 25, 10, 5, 1 cents

28. Example: Assign letter grades • Suppose I have your grades as follows name final midterm avg_hw quizze letter aaaa 30 20 30 4 ? bbbb 20 15 40 10 ? … How can I assign letter grades?

29. Example: Sum of numbers Given n (for example n=1000), compute • sum = 1+2+3+…+n • sum_odd =1+3+5+7+…+(2n+1) • ln2=1- 1/2 + 1/3 - 1/4 +…  1/n

30. If you want this course to be easy, you must learn how to act like a computer  • Develop necessary step-by-step instructions to perform the following real-life tasks like a computer • Driving a car • Following a direction to find an address • Cook something • Search a word in a dictionary • Make a phone call • Now, its your turn to think of a problem and give STEP-BY-STEP instructions… • For the same problem, we may have different and yet correct solutions. So, …

31. Ten heuristics for problem solving How to Solve it: Modern Heuristics by Michalewicz and Fogel. Springer 2004. • Don’t rush to give an answer, think about it • Concentrate on the essentials and don’t worry about the noise (tiny details) • Sometimes finding a solution can be really easy (common sense), don’t make it harder on yourself • Beware of obvious solutions. They might be wrong • Don’t be misled by previous experience

32. Ten heuristics for problem solving How to Solve it: Modern Heuristics by Michalewicz and Fogel. Springer 2004. • Start solving. Don’t say “I don’t know how” • Most people don’t plan to fail, they just fail to plan! • Don’t limit yourself to the search space that is defined by the problem. Expand your horizon • Constraints can be helpful to focus on the problem at the hand • Don’t be satisfied with finding asolution, look for better ones • Be patient. Be persistent!

33. A Checklist for Engineering Reasoninghttp://www.criticalthinking.org/files/SAM-Engineering-sm.pdf 1. All engineering reasoning expresses a purpose. Take time to state your purpose clearly. • Distinguish your purpose from related purposes. • Check periodically to be sure you are still on target. • Choose realistic and achievable purposes.

34. 2. All engineering reasoning seeks to figure something out, to settle some question, solve some engineering problem. • Take time to state the question at issue clearly and precisely. • Express the question in several ways to clarify its meaning and scope. • Break the question into sub-questions. • Determine if the question has one right answer, or requires reasoning from more than one hypothesis or point of view.

35. 3. All engineering reasoning requires assumptions. • Clearly identify your assumptions and determine whether they are justifiable. • Consider how your assumptions are shaping your point of view. • Consider the impact of alternative or unexpressed assumptions. • Consider the impact of removing assumptions.

36. 4. All engineering reasoning is done from some perspective or point of view. • Identify your specific point of view. • Consider the point of view of other stakeholders. • Strive to be fair-minded in evaluating all relevant points of view.

37. 5. All engineering reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence. • Validate your data sources. • Restrict your claims to those supported by the data. • Search for data that opposes your position as well as alternative theories. • Make sure that all data used is clear, accurate, and relevant to the question at issue. • Make sure you have gathered sufficient data.

38. 6. All engineering reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by, concepts and theories. • Identify key concepts and explain them clearly. • Consider alternative concepts or alternative definitions of concepts. • Make sure you are using concepts and theories with care and precision.

39. 7. All engineering reasoning entails inferences or interpretations by which we draw conclusions and give meaning to engineering work. • Infer only what the data supports. • Check inferences for their internal and external consistency. • Identify assumptions that led you to your conclusions.

40. 8. All engineering reasoning leads somewhere or has implications and consequences. • Trace the implications and consequences that follow from your data and reasoning. • Search for negative as well as positive implications (technical, social, environmental, financial, ethical). • Consider all possible implications.